Background Analgesics in clinical used have many side effects and are not always effective. Hence need for safer and more effective agents. Hydrazinocurcumin is an azole derivative of the natural product curcumin.

This package is version 2 of HydroMe v.1 package. It estimates the parameters in infiltration and water retention models by curve-fitting method. The models considered are those that are commonly used in soil science. It has new models for water retention characteristic curve and debugging of errors in HydroMe v.1

The trend is still: “transferring of Northern designs to Southern realities” While 41% of the world’s household have access to the Internet, Africa is lagging far behind at 9%. Africa has abysmal penetration rate for landline telephone, the number of fixed-broadband subscriptions Internet has increased the digital divide.... Africa is slow to take up technological innovation as most have to be imported from elsewhere..” Liam (2009)

Many studies, including Anchimbe (2007), Whiteley (1974) and UNESCO (1953) have sought to establish that language loyalty or the lack of it does relate to the presence or death of linguistic identity. Further, it has been claimed that it is within the context of language contact that people become aware of the status of their language against another’s language. People may also observe a greater degree of loyalty to the language of an ethnic group to which they do not belong, because of value they may attach to it compared to their own language and the benefits they may deem to accrue by this allegiance. If this state of affairs is left unchecked, the resultant language shift may lead to the death of the less prestigious of the languages in question. A purposeful value addition and attitude change according to Paulston (1994:16-17) will regenerate and reverse the loss and “give new life to a dead language” especially if there is increased use of the language, as a result of change of attitude and increased functions for general communication, literacy and education.
In this chapter I will highlight factors that led to the marginalization of Kitharaka. Further, I will give examples of other currently or formally marginalized languages of Kenya. I will then narrow down to specifically examine and illustrate the role played by literacy and on-going mother tongue education programme in the revitalization of Kitharaka.

Efficacy of commercially available insecticides from Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa were tested against Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Non-blood-fed, 2-5 day old female mosquitoes were liberated into Peet-Grady chambers sprayed with 0.3±0.1g of insecticides. KT50, KT95 and mortality rates of the mosquitoes were noted 24hrs post-spraying. Field efficacy studies were carried out by spraying insecticides in houses with near uniform resting densities of An. gambiae complex mosquitoes. Mosquitoes entering the houses were collected using hand held aspirators, counted and the means calculated. An. gambiae complex mosquitoes were identified using species diagnostic primers. Laboratory results showed Ridsect and Mortein doom ultrafast to be fast acting with KT50 of 0.412 and 0.1983 minutes and KT95 of 4.339 and 5.947 minutes, respectively, among the Kenyan products. Baygon and Mobil had a fast knock down effect with KT50 of 0.415 and 0.551 and KT95 of 3.022 and 3.877 minutes, respectively, among the Nigerian samples. Mortein odorless had a faster knockdown effect with a KT50 of 0.632 and KT95 of 2.576 while Mortein ultrafast had aKT50 of 0.780 and KT95 of 2.654 minutes among the South African Samples. On mortality rates, Mortein doom ultrafast and Ridsect from Kenya achieved 100% mortality, Mortein PowerGard and Raid from Nigeria resulted to 99% mortality and Mortein odorless and Mortein ultrafast from S. Africa had 100% and 99% mortality. The field efficacy tests showed that the most effective products from Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa were Ridsect, Mobil and Mortein Ultrafast, respectively. Molecular identification assays revealed that the wild mosquitoes consisted of 66.34% (71/107) An. arabiensis and 33.66% (36/107) failed to amplify hence could not be identified. Reconstitution of the insecticides with different active ingredients, substitution and optimization of others is recommended. More research on the biology of the malaria vector will help in improving the reconstitution of the insecticides
Key Words: Anopheles gambiae complex, House resting density, KT50 and KT95

Investors will always want to invest in projects than can guarantee higher returns than others, holding risk constant. They therefore tend to employ strategies that will contribute to the realization of higher returns. One of the most frequently used strategies is value investing where investors purchase value stocks rather than growth stocks in order to be benefit from potential long term performance of value stocks in the form of superior average returns. In finance, the word value premium refers to the excess return expected as a result of investing in value stocks as opposed to growth stocks. This study sought to find out whether there exists a value premium at the NSE when stocks are sorted on the basis of book to market value, and whether
industry type plays a role in value premium. It’s indicative from the study that value stocks outperformed growth stocks for the period under study. This is consistent with other studies done in Kenya. Muhoro (2004) tested a value premium of 0.64 for the period 1999-2002 at the NSE and Ngigi (2006) also tested the existence of value premium at the NSE. The result of the test in this study , conducted at 0.05 confidence level is that there exist value premium at the NSE. When stocks are grouped according to industries, there still exists value premium. Industrial and allied sector have the highest value premium of 4.125 while agricultural sector have the lowest value premium of -1.162. Therefore for a value strategist at the NSE, industrial and allied sector stocks are the best to invest in while agricultural sector stocks are the worst to invest in. The findings are also consistent with findings from similar studies in other markets in the world. Previous studies show that for 60 plus years value has outperformed growth. The conclusion of this study is that there exists a value premium at the N.S.E when stocks are sorted on the basis of B/M ratio . However there exists no significant difference in value premium across industries. This implies industry type is not a significant determinant of value premium.

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Inflammation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), and recent studies have identified the 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) as an important mediator of inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate a significant increase in circulating serum Hsp70 level in SCD during vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) as compared with baseline steady-state levels (P <0.05) and a significant increase in Hsp70 levels in SCD at baseline compared with normal controls (P <0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that circulating serum Hsp70 might be a marker for VOC in SCD.

There is strong consensus among researchers and practitioners regarding the strategic importance of developing efficient purchasing techniques to increase transparency and fairness, reduce corruption, ensure competitiveness and reduce costs. An increasing number of government authorities are adopting e-procurement solutions to reap the above stated benefits (Panayiotou et al., 2004). E-procurement is the process of purchasing goods and services electronically , and can be defined as “the use of integrated (commonly web-based) communication systems for the conduct of part or all of the purchasing process; a process that may incorporate stages from the initial need identification by users, through search, sourcing, negotiation, ordering, receipt, payment and post-purchase review” (Presutti,2003).

In this research proposal I propose to comprehensively study through explorative case study five successful cases of e-procurement in the public sector in Korea, Australia, Italy, Ireland, Philippine's and use their experiences, challenges and strategies employed to come up with a multi-disciplinary framework for the successful implementation and adoption of e-procurement in the public sector in Kenya. In this research critical successes factors (CSFs) and diffusion of innovation theory will be used in the study. Explorative case study and qualitative research design methodology will be used in this research study although aspects on the attitude of the intended users will be analyzed quantitatively.