Recent research efforts in Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) have concentrated
on the development of optimization methods that incorporate uncertainty present in design
variables and/or from noise variables to perform robust or reliability-based design. This work
presents a simulated annealing (SA) approach within the framework of highfidelity 'black-
box'analysis codes for aerodynamic shape design. The analysis codes are restricted to
inexpensive (seconds per analysis iteration) or moderately expensive (minutes per analysis …
n/a