DR. WANJOHI JOHN MURABA

Description
Two novel compounds, alienusolin, a 4α-deoxyphorbol ester (1), crotonimide C, a glutarimide alkaloid derivative (2), and ten known compounds, julocrotine (3), crotepoxide (4), monodeacetyl crotepoxide (5), dideacetylcrotepoxide, (6), β-senepoxide (7), α-senepoxide (8), (+)-(2S,3R-diacetoxy-1-benzoyloxymethylenecyclohex-4,6-diene (9), benzyl benzoate (10), acetyl aleuritolic (11), and 24-ethylcholesta-4,22-dien-3-one (12) were isolated from the Kenyan Croton alienus. The structures of the compounds were determined using NMR, GCMS, and HRESIMS studies.

ABSTRACT
Water Irrigation has become one of the
vital income generating activities on land
,in that it enhances food security ,creates
employment opportunities ,improves
nutritional status of a nation and brings
about good health in a particular society.
The purpose of this study was to establish
the determinants of performance of
irrigation projects a case of Nthawa
irrigation project of Mbeere North Subcounty of Embu county Kenya. The study
sought to determine the effect of
management of the project, community
participation, resources adequacy,
technology and availability of sizable land
for irrigation on performance of irrigation
projects in Mbeere North Sub-county,Embu
county Kenya. The target population for
this study comprised the 500 registered
members in Nthawa Irrigation Project of
Mbeere North Sub- County, Embu County.
In addition, 19 key informants comprising
9 executive management committee
members from the project and 10 Ministry
of Water and Irrigation officials made up of
2 technical officers from the District
Irrigation Office and 8 Water Resource
Management Authority (WRMA) regional
officials. For this study, the sample size
was 130 respondents. On the Executive
committee members and officials, the
researcher did not sample since the target
population was small, hence the study
employed a census method that is by
capturing the entire population of
Executive Committee Members and
Ministry of Water and Irrigation Officials.
The primary data was collected using selfadministered questionnaires made up of
both open ended and closed ended
questions. The data collected was analyzed
using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS Version 21.0). All the
questionnaires received were referenced
and items in the questionnaire were coded
to facilitate data entry. After data cleaning,
the data was presented inform of tables
showing frequencies, percentages, mean
score and standard deviation. From the
results, it was observed that management of
the projects , resource adequacy, and
technology used, community participation
and availability of sizable land for
irrigation all positively and greatly affect
the performance of public irrigation
projects in Kenya. It is thus recommended
that full participation of members in
irrigation project development should been
encouraged to enhance capacity to perceive
their own needs and members’ managed
irrigation projects should encourage a
maximum number of people to participate
at various stages of project development.

Description
Revenue collection is a key source of income to all governments. The purpose of this study was to establish factors affecting revenue collection systems at the county governments of Kenya with specific reference to Meru County. The study sought to determine the effect of financial management system on revenue collection systems. The design for the study was cross-sectional mixed method. The target population was 150 respondents comprising employees at county revenue department of Meru County. The sample size was 62 respondents. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires. Data was analyzed Using SPSS version 25 and STATA version 12. From pilot test Cronbach’s alpha tested reliability. While Regression analysis, ANOVA, Correlation, descriptive statistics, presented the data results and findings. It was expected that; the outcome of the study could be used to develop strategies to be used in facilitating efficiency in revenue collection. The study found that ability to make payments using mobile money Platforms and tax payer’s ability to pay rates, fees through different bank accounts were very good. The study found out that revenue collection systems used have achieved expected revenue targets and revenue collection system available have improved taxpayers’ compliance in a greater extent. The study found out that the respondents strongly agreed that they are encouraged to take up responsibility for their personal development, learning and career growth. In addition, the study found out that respondents agreed that they have been trained on revenue collection systems available in the last one year and that …

Description
Provision of water services is squarely a devolved function and counties have the bigger role of ensuring their residents have access to clean and safe water. In this regard many strategies have been put in place to ensure water available is adequate. These efforts have faced a myriad of challenges which has greatly affected service delivery. Water is one of the most important natural resource and the availability of safe water is critical not just for health reasons, but also for social and economic development. The purpose of the study was to establish the factors influencing implementation of augmentation of water treatment projects by county government in Kenya; a case of Meru Water and Sewerage Services. The specific objectives of this research project were to determine the influence of financial resources, leadership, staff competency and political factors on the augmentation of water treatment projects by county governments in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the target population was 135 management and heads of sections which included county executive committee members (CECM), Chief officers, county directors, MEWASS management/technical staff and Members of County Assemblies (MCA’s). The study adopted a census which allowed all the 135 respondents to participate in the study, however only 109 respondents returned their questionnaires representing an approximate response rate 81%. Data was collected using a questionnaire. To test reliability of this questionnaire Split half method was applied in Isiolo water and Sewerage Company.
Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and …

Description
Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Programme (CT-OVC) is one of the major initiatives by the Government of Kenya to support vulnerable children. Birth and death registration are of a particular importance in promoting and protecting the rights of the child. Absence of care giver’s identity card, death certificates for the deceased parents and child’s birth certificate increase the chances of violation of a child’s basic rights. Acquisition of death and birth certificates remains low despite government intervention. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of cash transfer for orphans and vulnerable children programme on civil registration in Karaba Location of Mbeere South Subcounty. The study sought to determine how demographic characteristics of the caregivers, challenges faced by caregivers, household priorities of caregivers and household size affect civil registration. The study was conducted in Karaba Location of Mbeere South Sub-county using descriptive study design. The target population was 399 respondents comprising of 377 Caregivers, 20 children, 1 Children Officer and 1 Civil Registrar. The sample size was 102 respondents. Systematic sampling was used since a complete list of caregivers was available. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire, interview guide and focus group discussion guide while secondary data was obtained from documents review. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences and presented in frequency tables and cross tabulations. Study findings indicated that demographic characteristics of the caregiver such as age, gender occupation and education …

Description
A large number of urban residents in sub-Sahara Africa live in slums often characterized by lack of basic services such as water, sewerage and electricity. This is as a result of pressure due population growth, aging infrastructure, climatic change and unsustainable convention water management mostly employed in the region thus posing a huge challenge in managing the unreliable and scarce water resource. Meru Town is not exemption to this phenomenon as in that there are few sanitation facilities and also many people do not access to safe drinking water source. The purpose of this study was to establish the factors that influence customer access to piped water and sanitation services in low income urban areas in Meru Town. The study aimed at determining the influence of; physical parameters, affordability, institutional and structural constraints on customer access to piped water and sanitation services in low income urban areas. The research design used in the study was descriptive research. The target population comprised of 1080 households and 15 staff members of Meru Water and Sewerage Services. The sample size was from two stakeholders namely (i) 105 households and (ii) Purposively sampled 15 staff members of Meru Water and Sewerage Services. To determine the validity and reliability of the interview schedule, a pilot-testing was carried out in a different slum (Kigore) with similar characteristics like those other three. During the field study, information was collected from randomly selected households from three urban poor areas on accessibility and affordability of piped water and sanitation services. The instruments used …

Description
This chapter presents summary of findings, discussion of the key findings, conclusions drawn from the findings, and recommendations.

ABSTRACT
Offenders released from confinement face a
variety of challenges that may hinder their
ability to become law-abiding citizens. A
key feature of successful reintegration is the
attention to the reintegration programmes
for ex-prisoners into the community and the
development of interventions designed to
reduce the levels of recidivism. The purpose
of this study was to establish factors
influencing performance of prisoner’s
reintegration programmes focusing on
women prisoners in Meru Gk prison. The
study sought to determine the influence of
capacity of prison officers, employment
opportunities, substance abuse, and
education programmes on performance of
prisoner’s reintegration programmes among
women prisoners in Meru Women Gk
prison. The study is grounded on relapse
prevention theory, supported by the
empowerment theory and the public
participation theory. The study adopted
descriptive survey research design. The
target population for this study comprised of
all the 1259 inmates and 317 officers in the
prison according to prison records. The
sample size for the study was 309. Primary
data was obtained using self-administered
questionnaires. Further, the study used
simple random sampling to pick the
respondents in each stratum. Data was
analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS Version 22.0). Descriptive
statistics such as frequencies, percentages,
mean score and standard deviation were
estimated for all the quantitative variables
and information presented inform of tables.
The qualitative data from the open-ended
questions was analyzed using conceptual
content analysis and presented in prose
form. The findings show that capacity of
prison officers, employment opportunities,
substance abuse and prison education
programmes greatly influence performance
of prisoner’s reintegration programme. The
study recommended there should be
adequate budgetary allocation of resources
to various GK prisons which will in turn
lead to efficient reintegration programmes.
This should also lead to efficient
reintegration programmes. An improved
Scheme of Service and Establishment
Structure for the Prisons Department needs
to be put in place to facilitate the
recruitment, promotion and retention of
adequate and relevantly trained/skilled
personnel.

Description
The prisons departments have been working with Non-Governmental Medical Organizations to implement health projects within the prison’s facilities in Kenya in order to improve the health of prisoners. However, successful implementation of health projects is a common problem in the Kenya Prisons Service not only with an immeasurable cost to society who benefits from these projects within the prisons but also with debilitating effects on the inmates. The purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing the implementation of prisons health projects in Kenya, Meru region Prisons. The study sought to achieve the following objectives; to evaluate the extent to which technical capacity, stakeholders’ involvement, source of funding and prisons leadership influences implementation of prisons health projects in the Kenya, Meru Region Prisons. The study was grounded on resource base view theory, agency theory, stakeholder’s theory and strategic leadership theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design with the target population comprising of Kenya Prison Staff. Primary data was obtained using self-administered questionnaires while secondary data was obtained using data collection sheet. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23.0) which is the most recent version. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages were estimated for all the quantitative variables and information presented inform of tables. The qualitative data from the open-ended questions was analysed using conceptual content analysis and presented in prose. Inferential data analysis was done using multiple …

Description
Regarded as a frequent occurrence, disputes in construction projects occasioned by substandard communication of impractical clients’ expectations, defective works and delays in architectural designs significantly contribute to adverse effects on project results. Despite these and the numerous demerits linked to litigation majority of clients, contractors and construction consultants in Kenya still opt for it as opposed to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) approaches to resolve disputes in construction projects. The purpose of this study was to establish the factors influencing use of alternative dispute resolution in construction projects in Imenti North Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya. In particular it examined the influence of: lack of awareness, preservation of business relationships, cost minimization and communication and documentation issues on the use of ADR in construction projects disputes. The research was guided by two theories; Theory of Planned Behavior and Transaction Cost Economics Theory and will be support by the Stair-Step Model of Dispute Resolution. The research embraced use of descriptive survey research design. Target population is of 255 respondents. The sample size was of 45 (n= 45), Contractors, 12 (n= 12) Consultants (Architectures, Quantity Surveyors and Structural Engineers) and Construction Projects Clients 75 (n= 75) that was singled out to take part in the investigation. Stratified sampling and Simple random sampling were made use of to pick the sampled subjects. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data in the study locale. Data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by employing SPSS …

Description
Nearly 16% of the global population has no access to adequate, clean and safe water. Kenya, like numerous other Sub-Saharan African countries, is water scarce. Community water projects exists to supplement or complement government efforts to avail water to rural citizens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of community participation in the performance of community water projects in Ruiri Area, Meru County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to establish the influence of community participation in financial management, project governance, operations and maintenance and monitoring and evaluation on performance of Ruiri-Thau Water Project. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population was 413 respondents comprising 400 heads of household that were benefitting from Ruiri-Thau Water Project, 11 project committee members and two project donors (Catholic Diocese of Meru and Meru County Government). Proportionate stratified sampling was used to derive a sample of 211 respondents–196 household leaders, 11 project committee members and two donors. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire (for household heads and project committee members) and an interview schedule (for project donors). Data analysis and presentation was conducted using descriptive statistics with the help of IBM Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), Version 20. The study established that community participation in financial planning had a moderate positive influence on project performance; community participation in project governance had a moderate positive influence on …

This paper describes the methodology and presents preliminary results of an economic appraisal of a community based health care project in Kenya. Community health workers, trained for 12 weeks and deployed in two locations in Kenya's Western Province, act as first contact providers of basic health care and promoters of selected health, sanitation and nutrition practices. A Cost Benefit Analysis has been undertaken using the Willingness to Pay approach to compare the costs of the project and its benefits. The benefits are in the form of more easily accessible basic health care and are measured as consumer surplus accruing to the community. Gain in consumer surplus is consequent on the fall of average user costs and rise in utilisation of the project established points of first contact with primary health care. The argument for the economic viability of the project is validated by the large Net Present Value and Benefit Cost Ratio obtained for the whole of the project area and for the two locations separately. Although the evaluation technique used faces the problem of valuation of community time, aggregation of health care services at all points of first contact and the partial nature of cost benefit analysis evaluations, the results are strongly in favour of decentralisation of primary health care on similar lines in the rest of the country.

Description
Commiphora holtziana gum resins when solvent extracted followed by a combination of chromatographic separation techniques on hexane extract of the Wajir sample, led to the isolation and characterization of a new compound, 11–hydroxy-γ-muurolene 1. In addition, two known compounds,(1E)-2-methoxy-8, 12-

This paper describes the methodology and presents preliminary results of an economic appraisal of a community based health care project in Kenya. Community health workers, trained for 12 weeks and deployed in two locations in Kenya's Western Province, act as first contact providers of basic health care and promoters of selected health, sanitation and nutrition practices. A Cost Benefit Analysis has been undertaken using the Willingness to Pay approach to compare the costs of the project and its benefits. The benefits are in the form of more easily accessible basic health care and are measured as consumer surplus accruing to the community. Gain in consumer surplus is consequent on the fall of average user costs and rise in utilisation of the project established points of first contact with primary health care. The argument for the economic viability of the project is validated by the large Net Present Value and Benefit Cost Ratio obtained for the whole of the project area and for the two locations separately. Although the evaluation technique used faces the problem of valuation of community time, aggregation of health care services at all points of first contact and the partial nature of cost benefit analysis evaluations, the results are strongly in favour of decentralisation of primary health care on similar lines in the rest of the country.

This paper describes the methodology and presents preliminary results of an economic appraisal of a community based health care project in Kenya. Community health workers, trained for 12 weeks and deployed in two locations in Kenya's Western Province, act as first contact providers of basic health care and promoters of selected health, sanitation and nutrition practices. A Cost Benefit Analysis has been undertaken using the Willingness to Pay approach to compare the costs of the project and its benefits. The benefits are in the form of more easily accessible basic health care and are measured as consumer surplus accruing to the community. Gain in consumer surplus is consequent on the fall of average user costs and rise in utilisation of the project established points of first contact with primary health care. The argument for the economic viability of the project is validated by the large Net Present Value and Benefit Cost Ratio obtained for the whole of the project area and for the two locations separately. Although the evaluation technique used faces the problem of valuation of community time, aggregation of health care services at all points of first contact and the partial nature of cost benefit analysis evaluations, the results are strongly in favour of decentralisation of primary health care on similar lines in the rest of the country.

This paper describes the methodology and presents preliminary results of an economic appraisal of a community based health care project in Kenya. Community health workers, trained for 12 weeks and deployed in two locations in Kenya's Western Province, act as first contact providers of basic health care and promoters of selected health, sanitation and nutrition practices. A Cost Benefit Analysis has been undertaken using the Willingness to Pay approach to compare the costs of the project and its benefits. The benefits are in the form of more easily accessible basic health care and are measured as consumer surplus accruing to the community. Gain in consumer surplus is consequent on the fall of average user costs and rise in utilisation of the project established points of first contact with primary health care. The argument for the economic viability of the project is validated by the large Net Present Value and Benefit Cost Ratio obtained for the whole of the project area and for the two locations separately. Although the evaluation technique used faces the problem of valuation of community time, aggregation of health care services at all points of first contact and the partial nature of cost benefit analysis evaluations, the results are strongly in favour of decentralisation of primary health care on similar lines in the rest of the country.