(eds.) OCO, et al. "
Kenya’s National Biosafety Framework.". In:
Environmental Governance in Kenya: Implementing the Framework Law. NAIROBI: East African Education Publishers; 2008.
Nyangito. H. O., Nzuma. M.J., Ommeh. H, Mbithi. M. "
Kenya’s Trade Reforms and Food Security.". In:
Trade Reforms and Food Security, Country Case Studies and Synthesis. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO; 2006.
O. PROFNDINYA-ACHOLAJ. "
Kesah C, Ben Redjeb S, Odugbemi TO, Boye CS, Dosso M, Ndinya Achola JO, Koulla-Shiro S, Benbachir M, Rahal K, Borg M.Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in eight African hospitals and Malta.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Feb;9(2):153-6.". In:
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Feb;9(2):153-6. IBIMA Publishing; 2003.
AbstractMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious therapeutic problem worldwide, and its frequency in most African countries has not been reported. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of MRSA in eight large hospitals (>500 beds) in Africa and Malta, from 1996 to 1997. Susceptibility to methicillin (oxacillin) and to other drugs was determined by E test (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) on a total of 1440 clinical isolates of S. aureus. Methicillin resistance was detected in 213 (15%) of the 1440 isolates tested. The rate of MRSA was relatively high in Nigeria, Kenya, and Cameroon (21-30%), and below 10% in Tunisia, Malta, and Algeria. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, with MICs 60%) of MRSA strains were multiresistant. There is a need to maintain surveillance and control of MRSA infections in Africa.
A. PROFKETERJOSEPHKIPKORIR. "
Keter, J.K.A. and J.G.A. Fiskell. 1982. Maize response to phosphate sources and rates and to auxin on two Kenya soils. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. 41 :188-192.". In:
First International Workshop on Capacity Building in Soil and Water Management in Africa, Kampala, Uganda, 9-11 November, 1992. Academic Science Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 9966-831-15-0. University of Nairobi Press; 1982.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients.
A. PROFKETERJOSEPHKIPKORIR. "
Keter, J.K.A. and P.M. Ahn. 1986. Profile characteristics, and form and surface activity of inorganic phosphorus in a deep red Kenya coffee soil (Nitosol). J. Soil Sc. 37: 89-97.". In:
First International Workshop on Capacity Building in Soil and Water Management in Africa, Kampala, Uganda, 9-11 November, 1992. Academic Science Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 9966-831-15-0. University of Nairobi Press; 1986.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients.
A. PROFKETERJOSEPHKIPKORIR. "
Keter, J.K.A., P.M. Gale and K.R. Reddy. 2000. Phosphate adsorption by various soils of Kenya. Infl. J. BiochemPhysics, Vol. 10, 13-20.". In:
East Afr Med J. 2002 Sep;79(9):457-60. University of Nairobi Press; 2000.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients.
W. PROFMWANGOMBEAGNES. "
Kevin Z. Mganga1*, Moses M. Nyangito1, Nashon K. R. Musimba1, Dickson M. Nyariki1, Agnes W. Mwangombe2, Wellington N. Ekaya3, William M. Muiru2, Daniele Clavel4, Judith Francis5, Ralph von Kaufmann6 and Jan Verhagen7. The challenges of rehabilitating denu.". In:
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 4(7), pp. 430-436. Livestock Research for Rural Development 22(3):1-13(2010).; 2010.
AbstractLand degradation is a major problem in the semi-arid environments of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fighting land degradation is essential to ensure the sustainable and long-term productivity of the habited semiarid lands. In Kenya, grass reseeding technology has been used to combat land degradation. However, despite the use of locally adapted perennial grass species namely Cenchrus ciliaris (African foxtail grass), Eragrostis superba (Maasai love grass) and Enteropogon macrostachyus (Bush rye) failure still abound. Therefore, more land is still being degraded. The aim of this study was to determine the main factors which contribute to failures in rehabilitating denuded patches in semi-arid lands of Kenya. A questionnaire was administered to capture farmer perceptions on failures on rangeland rehabilitation using grass reseeding technology. Rainfall data was collected during the study period. Moreover, rehabilitation trials using the three grasses were done under natural rainfall. Results from this study show that climatic factors mainly low amounts of rainfall to be the main contributor to rehabilitation failures. 92% of the respondents asserted that reseeding fails because of low rainfall amounts received in the area. The study area received a total of 324 mm of rainfall which was low compared to the average annual mean of 600mm. Reseeded trial plots also failed to establish due to the low amounts of rainfall received. This showed how low rainfall is unreliable for reseeding. Other factors namely destruction by the grazing animals, pests and rodents, flush floods, poor sowing time, poor seed quality, lack of enough seed and weeds also contribute to rehabilitation failures in semi-arid lands of Kenya.
OKOTH PROFOKOMBODUNCAN. "
Key contributer (seek acknowledgements), I.B. Machungo's Evaluation of the Status of Teaching and Use of African Languages in higher eduction Accra: Worldwie Press Ltd.". In:
In Southern African Review of Education, Vol.4, pp 5-10. CIGR Electocic Journal; 1997.
Abstractisolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance;
OKOTH PROFOKOMBODUNCAN. "
Key contributor (see aknowledgements) to Languages of Instruction: Policy Implications for Education in Africa IDEC PUBLICATION.". In:
In Southern African Review of Education, Vol.4, pp 5-10. CIGR Electocic Journal; 1997.
Abstractisolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance;
MUNGE PROFMUKUNYAD. "
Keya S.O. and D.M. Mukunya, 1979. The influence of phosphorus and molybdenum application on modulation of Canadian Wonder bean variety.". In:
Proceedings of Grain Legume Symposium held in Nairobi, Kenya, October 1979. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Vol. 27, pp. 79-85.; 1979.
AbstractThe gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43
WANDAYI PROFOKOTHMICHAEL. "
KEYA, E.L.; KARURI, E.G. AND OKOTH, M.W. Effective teaching of food science and technology courses. In: Food Science subject Meeting Report (Ed. By S.K. Mbugua & M.W. OKOTH), pp. 46-50, Inter-University Council of East Africa, August 27-31, 1990, Arusha.". In:
Food Science subject Meeting Report (Ed. By S.K. Mbugua & M.W. OKOTH), pp. 46-50, Inter-University Council of East Africa, August 27-31, 1990, Arusha. University of Nairobi.; 1990.
AbstractOperations Research techniques involving modelling a situation or a problem and finding an optimal solution for it. These tools are not designed nor intended to replace managerial decision making, but rather their purpose is to aid in the decision-making process by providing a quantitative basis for decision making. Unfortunately, the proliferation of OR tools in organizational decision making has been lacking, with concerns been expressed about the limited awareness of the business community of OR's potential and capability. Current study was based in the premise that students provide an appropriate avenue, as agent of change, in sensitizing and demonstrating the potential and capacity of OR tools/techniques in resolving various problems, both in public and private sector. Study aimed at evaluating the use of OR as tools of data analysis at MBA level. A sample of 100 MBA research projects undertaken between 2005 and 2007 was randomly selected and their objectives and selected data analysis tools recorded. Where OR tools were not used, the research evaluated if there was a possibility of using OR tools. Results indicated low usage of OR as data analysis, though there was a high potential for the use of OR tools.
OLE PROFMBATIAOLIVER. "
Keya, S.O., Gathuru, E.M., Onim, J.F.M., Mbatia, O.L.E. Evaluation of Coast Agricultural Research (Kenya); National Council for Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, 1983.". In:
Kenya National Academy of SCIENCES. Sirikwa Hotel, Eldoret, 1984. University of Nairobi.; 1983.
AbstractA retrospective study of the hospital records revealed that 39 cases of mandibular fractures presented at Kisii District Hospital during a two-year period. 27 cases were due to interpersonal violence while road traffic accidents and accidental falls accounted for 9 and 3 of the cases respectively. The male ratio was 2.9:1. Majority (26 cases) of the patients were aged between 20 and 39 years. The commonly involved fracture site was the left body of the mandible accounting for 20 of the fractures.
MUNGE PROFMUKUNYAD. "
Keya, S.O., Mukunya, D.M., Ngugi, D.N. and Waithaka, K. 1979. Suggestions for modification of curriculum in Agricultural institutes to make them more effective for ruraldevelopment. In Seminar Report of the international Association of agriculture Student.". In:
The proceedings of a workshop held at Kahuhui, Maui, Hawaii, Jan 15 . Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Vol. 27, pp. 79-85.; 1979.
AbstractThe gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43
MUNGE PROFMUKUNYAD. "
Keya, S.O., Ssali, H. Mukunya, D.M., Muruli, B.I. and Onim, J.F. 1979. Legume research at the University of Nairobi, in planning International Network of Legume inoculation trials.". In:
The proceedings of a workshop held at Kahuhui, Maui, Hawaii, Jan 15 . Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Vol. 27, pp. 79-85.; 1979.
AbstractThe gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43
DR. MUTISO VINCENTMUOKI. "
Khainga SO, Githae B, Mutiso VM, Wasike R.Reverse sural island flap in coverage of defects lower third of leg: a series of nine cases. East Afr Med J. 2007 Jan;84(1):38-43.". In:
PMID: 18465102 [PubMed - in process]. University of Nairobi Case, in the proceedings of the IST-Africa 2008 Conference; Windhoek, Namibia; 2007.
AbstractThe distally based sural island flap was first described by Masquelet, et al., in 1992. It is a skin island flap supplied by the vascular axis of the sural nerve. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that it can be applied in coverage of difficult wound in the lower third of the leg. We treated nine patients with nine distally based sural island flaps. All the flaps survived, most of the flaps had venous congestion. The largest flap was 10 x 8 cm and Doppler was used in only one flap. This technique is easy and quick to execute without sacrificing major arteries.
CEGE DRMWANGIJOSEPH. "
Khamadi SA, Ochieng W, Lihana RW, Kinyua J, Muriuki J, Mwangi J, Lwembe R, Kiptoo M, Osman S, Lagat N, Pelle R, Muigai A, Carter JY, Oishi I, Ichimura H, Mwaniki DL, Okoth FA, Mpoke S, Songok EM. HIV type 1 subtypes in circulation in northern Kenya.". In:
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005 Sep;21(9):810-4. ICASTOR Journal of Engineering; 2005.
AbstractKenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. skhamadi@nairobi.mimcom.net The genetic subtypes of HIV-1 circulating in northern Kenya have not been characterized. Here we report the partial sequencing and analysis of samples collected in the years 2003 and 2004 from 72 HIV-1-positive patients in northern Kenya, which borders Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. From the analysis of partial env sequences, it was determined that 50% were subtype A, 39% subtype C, and 11% subtype D. This shows that in the northern border region of Kenya subtypes A and C are the dominant HIV-1 subtypes in circulation. Ethiopia is dominated mainly by HIV-1 subtype C, which incidentally is the dominant subtype in the town of Moyale, which borders Ethiopia. These results show that cross-border movements play an important role in the circulation of subtypes in Northern Kenya.
M PROFNDETEIDAVID, MAINA DRMBURUJOHN. "
Khamis TM, Ndetei DM, Mburu JM (2005) Psychosocial aspects of Khat use among the youth of Nairobi. South Africa Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 11 No 1 April 2005.". In:
South Africa Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 11 No 1 April 2005. CHAK Times; 2005.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To establish the magnitude of psychiatric disorders among leprosy patients in western Kenya. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Busia and Teso districts in western Kenya. SUBJECTS: A sample of 152 male and female, adult leprosy patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (PM) was 53.29%. The PM was positively correlated with physical disability and marital status but not with age, sex, education, type of leprosy, or duration of the illness. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was lower among Kenyan leprosy patients compared to studies carried out in India (56% to 78%). It was high compared to the rate of psychiatric morbidity in those seeking medical help in primary health care centres in Kenya, which was recently estimated to be 10%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PM in leprosy patients in western Kenya was lower than that in studies carried out in India. This could be attributed to de-institutionalisation and re-integration of leprosy sufferers back into their local communities. Since the rate was more than double that in the general Kenyan population and seemed to be related to presence of physical disability, an appraisal of psychiatric services offered to these patients is needed.
J PROFMULAAFRANCIS. "
Khan B, Omar S, Kanyara JN, Warren-Perry M, Nyalwidhe J, Peterson DS, Wellems T, Kaniaru S, Gitonga J, Mulaa FJ, Koech DK.Antifolate drug resistance and point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in Kenya. Trans Trop Med and Hyg 91: 456-460.". In:
Trans Trop Med and Hyg 91: 456-460. Springerlink; 1997.
AbstractDue to increased chloroquine resistance, the antifolate/sulpha drug combinations are becoming increasingly important in the chemotherapy of falciparum malaria. However, point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase gene lead to resistance to the antifolate drugs. We therefore investigated the prevalence of the 6 reported point mutations in this gene among field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Kenya, to determine if the mutations correlated with resistance to pyrimethamine and the biguanides cycloguanil and chlorcycloguanil. We used a mutation-specific polymerase chain reaction technique to test for these reported mutations in 21 Kenyan isolates and 4 reference lines. We also amplified and directly sequenced the dihydrofolate reductase coding sequence from these parasites to confirm the results and test for other possible mutations. Of the reported mutations, we found S108N, which is the central mutation of pyrimethamine resistance, and mutations N51I and C59R, which modulate the levels of resistance and may confer decreases in response to cycloguanil that are folate and p-aminobenzoic acid dependent. No isolate possessed the paired point mutations S108T and A16V, or I164L and S108N, which have been associated with cycloguanil resistance in previous studies. These results provided supportive evidence for the combined use of a cycloguanil-class drug (e.g., chlorproguanil) and a sulpha drug (e.g., dapsone) against P.falciparum malaria in Kenya.
MR. ODONGO HESBONO. "
Khat (Catha edulis) lowers plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone secretion, but increases cortisol levels in male rabbits.". In:
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 73, 201-206. Journal of ethnopharmacology;116(2):245-50; 2008.
AbstractThis study investigated the effects of fresh khat extract on specific circulating hormones in male rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into five groups each comprising five animals. The first four groups were fed four doses (1.5 g/kg, 4.5 g/kg, 13.5 g/kg and 40.5 g/kg body weight) of khat extract twice a week for 5 weeks while the last group, serving as control, was fed only normal saline via intragastric tube. Blood samples were collected at 15 min interval for up to 3 h after khat extract administration and plasma assayed for luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and cortisol levels using radioimmunoassay technique. RESULTS: Khat extract at all doses significantly lowered (P<0.05) LH pulse frequency, area under LH curve, mean plasma LH and mean plasma testosterone levels. Plasma cortisol levels were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in khat-treated rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that khat may impair reproductive function in male rabbits by interfering with sex hormone profiles.
MARTIN DRKOLLMANNKH. "
KHM Kollmann: Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (Diabetes mellitus und diabetische Retinopathie; Global Vision: Internationale Ophthalmologie, Vol 2 (2008).". In:
PMID: 19838712. I.E.K Internatioanl Conference l; 2008.
AbstractObjective: To establish ocular fi ndings in Kenyan children with HIV/AIDS. Design: Hospital-based cross sectional study .
Setting: Mbagathi District Hospital (Nairobi) MSF-Belgium HIV clinic support center and paediatric ward.
Subjects: HIV infected children.
Results: A total of 208 HIV infected children were examined. The overall prevalence of ocular fi ndings was 67.3% (140 patients). 113 patients (54.3%) of the patients were on ARV therapy. The most common finding was adnexal lesions observed in 40.9% of the patients, followed by posterior segment findings in 31.3%. Conjunctival microvasculopathy (30 patients,14.4%), allergic conjunctivitis (27 patients, 13.0%) and molluscum contagiosum 12 patients, 5.8%) were the main adnexal findings. Five cases (2.4%) of infectious conjunctivitis, 4 cases (1.9%) of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) and conjunctival growth were also recorded. Keratoconjunctivitis (6 patients, 2.9%), anterior uveitis (6 patients, 2.9%), and corneal ulcer (3 patients, 1.4%) were the main anterior segment findings. Peripheral retinal perivasculitis (28 patients, 13.5%) was the commonest posterior segment finding, followed by cotton wool spots (18 patients, 8.7%) and presumed retinal pigment epitheliopathy (18 patients, 8.7%) . Two cases of white retinal infiltrate associated with frosted branch vasculitis and 2 cases of focal retinal haemorrhages were also observed. Tuberculosis was the major systemic finding (93 patients, 44.7%). This study found that ocular findings are directly related to the duration of exposure to HIV infection (age), to the severity of clinical state of the disease (WHO clinical staging)and to the severity of immune suppression (CD4 count).
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a high prevalence of ocular findings in Kenyan children with HIV/AIDS. Retinal perivasculitis was the commonest retinal finding observed. Further studies are needed to investigate the unusual fi ndings of retinal pigment epitheliopathy observed in this study.
O. PROFANZALAAGGREY. "
Khurana S, Needham J, Park S, Mathieson B, Busch MP, Nemo G, Nyambi P, Zolla-Pazner S, Laal S, Mulenga J, Chomba E, Hunter E, Allen S, McIntyre J, Hewlett I, Lee S, Tang S, Cowan E, Beyrer C, Altfeld M, Yu XG, Tounkara A, Koita O, Kamali A, Nguyen N, Grah.". In:
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Nov 1;43(3):304-12. John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2006.
AbstractBecause increasing numbers of HIV vaccine candidates are being tested globally, it is essential to differentiate vaccine- from virus-induced antibodies. Most of the currently tested vaccines contain multiple viral components. As a result, many vaccine recipients give positive results in FDA-licensed HIV serodetection tests. We have identified conserved sequences in Env-gp41 and Gag-p6, which are recognized soon after infection but are not included in most HIV vaccine candidates. A new HIV serodetection assay, the HIV-SELECTEST, was established that distinguishes between vaccine-induced antibodies and seroconversion due to true HIV infections. It is important to make this assay globally relevant, because many clinical trials are conducted around the world where most HIV infections are due to non-B subtype HIV-1. Therefore, the current study examined the reactivity of plasma samples from >3,000 infections with diverse HIV subtypes worldwide. The HIV-SELECTEST performed at >99% specificity and sensitivity. Both recent and established infections with clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, and CRFs were detected. Antibodies elicited by other vaccinations or infections endemic to the clinical trial sites did not react in this assay. Therefore, HIV-SELECTEST could be an important differential diagnostic tool for HIV vaccine trials, blood banks, and population screening worldwide.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (1995). Morphology and Morphometry of the Pecten Oculi: A Comparative Study. Masters of Science in Veterinary Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Kenya.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1995.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (1999). Dendritic cell-particle interaction and the potential application(s) in the lung.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1999.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (2000). Phagocytosis of particulate antigens by human dendritic cells and its relevance in development of immunity.". In:
Presented at the Institute of Anatomy,University of Bern, Bern,Switzerland on 8th June 2000. Elsevier; 2000.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (2001). Functional and Morphological Characterization of Particle .". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (2001). Functional and Morphological Characterization of Particle .". In:
Presented at the Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland on 15th May 2001. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (2001). Human dendritic cells. .". In:
Presented at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Kenya on 22nd August 2001. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G. (2006). Evolving trends in veterinary education. .". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference and Exhibition, 6th to 8th September 2006. Elsevier; 2006.
AbstractFormal veterinary education began in the Western world in the 1763 in Lyon, 1767 in Vienna and 1791 in London. These institutions were established in an effort to reduce the severe economic impact of animal diseases, particularly, rinderpest. However over time the profession has evolved in line with emerging issues such as animal welfare, food safety, the environment and advancement in information computer technology. Furthermore, consumers and clients are increasingly well informed, and the professionals no longer have a monopoly of knowledge in their area. Moreover, the hitherto assumption that an initial degree would confers one unlimited, life-long license to practice without any need for continuing education is being questioned. Furthermore, there is continued pressure on university resources, as well as problems in attracting competent clinical staff to teach in areas of specialization and, the universities are being expected to achieve more and more with fewer resources. The structure of the profession is also gradually changing with a move towards more specialist practices, but with mixed practice still an important employer of veterinary surgeons in rural areas. In addition, there is growing awareness that the amount of veterinary knowledge is expanding all the time and it is not possible anymore, for undergraduates to achieve high levels of expertise in all areas of the veterinary profession during the 4 to 6 years available for training. These issues have continued to model the evolution of the veterinary education. The evolution has mainly focused on 6 main areas namely, review on admission criteria and curriculum review, adoption of new teaching methods, collaboration with private clinicians, introduction of apprenticeship and mandatory continuing veterinary education. This paper will elaborate on the evolving trends in veterinary education as defined by each of
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., and P. Gehr (1999). Phagocytosis in dendritic cells.". In:
Presented at the Division of Pneumology, Cantonal Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland on 17th December 1999. Elsevier; 1999.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., and P. Gehr (2000). Dendritic cells-Particle interaction.". In:
Presented at the DKF Research Conference, University of Bern,Switzerland Bern, Switzerland on 14th June 2000. Elsevier; 2000.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., D. Dreher M. Kok L. Cochand L. P. Nicod P. Gehr (2002) Live bacterial vectors for mucosal delivery of protective antigen. Targeting of mucosal dendritic cells.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2002.
AbstractInterleukin-18 (IL-18) plays an important role in innate and acquired immunity, in particular against intracellular pathogens. However, little is known about the microbial factors that trigger IL-18 secretion by dendritic cells (DCs). To determine the influence of bacterial virulence factors on the activation and release of IL-18, we infected human monocyte-derived DCs with virulence mutants of the facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. Our results show that infection by S. typhimurium causes caspase-1-dependent activation of IL-18 and triggers the release of IL-18 in human DCs. The secretion of IL-18 by the DCs was closely correlated with the ability of the S. typhimurium strains to induce apoptosis. We demonstrate that activation and release of IL-18 are blocked by mutations in the Salmonella sipB gene, which encodes a virulence factor that activates caspase-1 to induce apoptosis. These findings indicate that the activation and release of IL-18 induced by bacterial virulence factors may represent one component of innate immunity against the intracellular bacteria.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., J. Bhattacharjee, T. N. Kiama , D. K. Mwangi (2003). A Scanning electron microscope Study of Pigment Distribution in Pecten Oculi of the Domestic Fowl and Eagle Owl. The Kenya Veterinarian 26:43-50.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference, 3rd to 5th November 2004. Elsevier; 2003.
AbstractIn structure-function relationship studies, stereological methods are applied to quantify structural qualities under investigation. In certain organs, like the brain, it is important to count the number of neurons associated with a particular function or region. The count gives an estimate of the electronic units available for a specific task or are endowed with a quantum of electrical energy. Similar studies can be extended in organs like the kidney, glands and muscles. Therefore, stereological methods enhance our knowledge of optimization of structure to funtion in biological design. This paper expounds on the methods used in estimation of number of particles in three-dimensional space. It articulates a historical perspective of the development of particle counting techniques to date in stereology showing how the problem was solved and a sound, practical and unbiased method developed. Two approaches are applied in counting particle number. The model based and the design based approach. The model-based approach assumes that the components under investigation are regular geometrical structures whose parameters can be quantified using regular geometrical methods. This counting method is biased, inefficient and difficult to apply in biological tissues. The design based approach applies a three dimensional sampling probe, the disector and makes no assumptions about shape or size of the components under investigation as in model approach.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., J. Bhattacharjee, T. N. Kiama , D. K. Mwangi (2003). A Scanning electron microscope Study of Pigment Distribution in Pecten Oculi of the Domestic Fowl and Eagle Owl. The Kenya Veterinarian 26:43-50.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference, 3rd to 5th November 2004. Elsevier; 2003.
AbstractIn structure-function relationship studies, stereological methods are applied to quantify structural qualities under investigation. In certain organs, like the brain, it is important to count the number of neurons associated with a particular function or region. The count gives an estimate of the electronic units available for a specific task or are endowed with a quantum of electrical energy. Similar studies can be extended in organs like the kidney, glands and muscles. Therefore, stereological methods enhance our knowledge of optimization of structure to funtion in biological design. This paper expounds on the methods used in estimation of number of particles in three-dimensional space. It articulates a historical perspective of the development of particle counting techniques to date in stereology showing how the problem was solved and a sound, practical and unbiased method developed. Two approaches are applied in counting particle number. The model based and the design based approach. The model-based approach assumes that the components under investigation are regular geometrical structures whose parameters can be quantified using regular geometrical methods. This counting method is biased, inefficient and difficult to apply in biological tissues. The design based approach applies a three dimensional sampling probe, the disector and makes no assumptions about shape or size of the components under investigation as in model approach.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., J. N. Maina, K. D. Weyrauch, D. K. Mwangi (2004). The morphology of the pecten oculi of the ostrich, Struthio camelus.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference, 3rd to 5th November 2004. Elsevier; 2004.
AbstractThe pecten oculi is a structure peculiar to the avian eye. Three morphological types of pecten oculi are recognized: conical type, vaned type and pleated type. The pleated type has been well studied. However, there exists only scanty data on the morphology of the latter two types of pectens. The structure of the vaned type of pecten of the ostrich, Struthio camelus was investigated with light and electron microscope. The pecten of this species consists of a vertical primary lamella that arises from the optic disc and supports 16-19 laterally located secondary lamellae, which run from the base and confluence at the apex. Some of the secondary lamellae give rise to 2 or 3 tertiary lamellae. The lamellae provide a wide surface, which supports 2-3 Layers of blood capillaries. Pigmentation is highest at the distal ends of the secondary and tertiary Lamella where blood capillaries are concentrated and very scanty on the primary and the proximal ends of the secondary lamella where the presence of capillaries is much reduced. In contrast to the capillaries of the pleated pecten, the endothelium of the capillaries in the pecten of the ostrich exhibits very few microvilli. These observations suggest that the morphology of the pecten of the ostrich, a flightless ratite bird is unique to the pleated pecten and is designed to meet the balance between optimal vision and large surface area for blood supply and yet ensuring it is kept firmly erect within the vitreous
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama S. G., Maina J. N., Bhattacharjee J., Mwangi D. K., Macharia R. G., Weyrauch K. D. (2006). The Morphology of the pectin oculi of the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Annals of Anatomy 188:516-528.". In:
Journal of Anatomy 213:452-63. Elsevier; 2006.
AbstractThe pecten oculi is a structure peculiar to the avian eye. Three morphological types of pecten oculi are recognized: conical type, vaned type and pleated type. The pleated type has been well studied. However, there exists only scanty data on the morphology of the latter two types of pectens. The structure of the vaned type of pecten of the ostrich, Struthio camelus was investigated with light and electron microscope. The pecten of this species consists of a vertical primary lamella that arises from the optic disc and supports 16-19 laterally located secondary lamellae, which run from the base and confluence at the apex. Some of the secondary lamellae give rise to 2 or 3 tertiary lamellae. The lamellae provide a wide surface, which supports 2-3 Layers of blood capillaries. Pigmentation is highest at the distal ends of the secondary and tertiary Lamella where blood capillaries are concentrated and very scanty on the primary and the proximal ends of the secondary lamella where the presence of capillaries is much reduced. In contrast to the capillaries of the pleated pecten, the endothelium of the capillaries in the pecten of the ostrich exhibits very few microvilli. These observations suggest that the morphology of the pecten of the ostrich, a flightless ratite bird is unique to the pleated pecten and is designed to meet the balance between optimal vision and large surface area for blood supply and yet ensuring it is kept firmly erect within the vitreous.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N. and K. D. Weyrauch (1994). Scanning electron microscope study of the pecten oculi of the black kite (Milvus migrans): possible involvement of melanosomes in protecting the pecten against damage by ultraviolet .". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1994.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N. and K. D. Weyrauch (1997). Surface specialisation of the capillary endothelium in the pecten oculi of the chicken, and their overt roles in pectineal haemodynamics and nutrient transfer to the inner neural ret.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1997.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N. and K. D. Weyrauch(1994). Scanning electron microscope study of the pecten oculi of the black kite (Milvus migrans): possible involvement of melanosomes in protecting the pecten against damage by ultraviolet l.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1994.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N. and K. D. Weyrauch(1997). Surface specialisation of the capillary endothelium in the pecten oculi of the chicken, and their overt roles in pectineal haemodynamics and nutrient transfer to the inner neural reti.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1997.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N., Weyrauch, K. D. and P. Gehr (1998). A scanning electron microscope study of the luminal surface specialisations in the blood vessels of the pecten oculi in a diurnal bird, the black kite (Milvus migrans). Ann.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1998.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N., Weyrauch, K. D. and P.Gehr (1998). A scanning electron microscope study of the luminal surface specialisations in the blood vessels of the pecten oculi in a diurnal bird, the black kite (Milvus migrans). Anna.". In:
Presented at the . Elsevier; 1998.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N., Weyrauch, K. D. and P.Gehr (1999). Comparative morphometry of the pecten oculi in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), black kite (Milvus migrans) and spotted eagle owl (Bubo africanus).". In:
Presented at the Swiss Society for Anatomie, Histology and Embryology (SGAHE) held in Basel, Switzerland on 13th October 1999. Elsevier; 1999.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Cochand L., Gehr P., and L. P. Nicod (2000). Infection of human dendritic cells and human alveolar macrophages by Salmonella mutants, a potent vaccine delivery system. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 161: A128.". In:
Fifth NFP37 Somatic Gene Therapy meeting. Elsevier; 2000.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Cochand L., Karlsson L. M., Nicod L. P., and P. Gehr (2001). Evaluation of phagocytic activity in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 14: 289-299.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Cochand L., Karlsson L. M., Nicod L. P., and P. Gehr(2001). Evaluation of phagocytic activity in human monocytederived dendritic cells. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 14: 289-299.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Cochand L., Nicod L. P., and P. Gehr (1999). Stereological assessment of phagocytosis by dendritic cells.". In:
Presented at the 31st Curriculum Vitae Kiama S G, December 2006 Annual meeting of USGEB held in Basel Switzerland on October 14-15,1999. Elsevier; 1999.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Cochand L., Nicod L. P., and P. Gehr (1999). Stereological assessment of phagocytosis by monocytes, alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells.". In:
Presented at the 12th Biennial Congress. International Society for Aerosols in Medicine held in Vienna, Austria on 12th to 16th June 1999). Elsevier; 1999.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Cochand L., Nicod L. P., and P. Gehr (1999). Stereological assessment of phagocytosis by monocytes, alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 12 (2): 49.". In:
Presented at the Institute of Anatomy,University of Bern, Bern,Switzerland on 8th June 2000. Elsevier; 1999.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Dreher D., Cochand L., Kok M., Pechere J. C., Gehr P., and L. P Nicod (2001). Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium infect human dendritic cells and induce formation of iccosome-like structures.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care M.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Dreher D., Cochand L., Kok M., Pechere J. C., L. P. Nicod and P. Gehr (2001). Candidate vaccine strains of Salmonella infect and induce profound changes in the morphology of human dendritic cells.Journal of Aerosol Medicine 14: P2-10.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Dreher D., Cochand L., Kok M., Pechere J. C., Nicod L. P.,and P. Gehr (2000). Infection of human dendritic cells by Salmonella typhimurium.". In:
Presented at the SGAHE 2000 held in Bern, Switzerland on 13th October 2000. Elsevier; 2000.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Dreher D., Cochand L., Kok M., Pechere J. C., Nicod L. P.,and P. Gehr (2001). Interaction of Salmonella with human dendritic cells: Production of iccosome-like structures with potential role in antigen presentation.". In:
Keystone Symposia on . Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Dreher D., L. Cochand, Kok M., Pechere J. C., Gehr P., and L. P Nicod (2000). Human Dendritic cells infected with Salmonella typhimurium produce iccosome-like structures. European Respiratory Journal 16: 178s.". In:
Fifth NFP37 Somatic Gene Therapy meeting. Elsevier; 2000.
AbstractRecent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Maina, J. N., Bhattacharjee J., and K. D. Weyrauch (2001). Functional morphology of the pecten oculi in the nocturnal spotted eagle owl (Bubo bubo africanus), and the diurnal black kite (Milvus migrans) and the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus v.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
GITAHI DRKIAMASTEPHEN. "
Kiama, S. G., Maina, J. N., Bhattacharjee J., and K. D. Weyrauch(2001). Functional morphology of the pecten oculi in the nocturnal spotted eagle owl (Bubo bubo africanus), and the diurnal black kite (Milvus migrans) and the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus va.". In:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference 2002. Elsevier; 2001.
AbstractDendritic cells play a central role in initiation of primary T lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens. Their potency in antigen presentation vis-a-vis reported low or lack of ability to phagocytize particulate matter has limited our understanding of the role that they play in inducing immunity to particulate antigens. One hypothesis is that dendritic cells may possess a high phagocytic capacity when immature and located in peripheral tissues, which they lose on maturation. Our goal was to characterize the phagocytic capacity in human immature dendritic cells. The phagocytic capacity of human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells was studied by morphological and morphometric means, and compared to that of professional phagocytes, human alveolar macrophages, their progenitors, the peripheral blood monocytes, and mature dendritic cells. Phagocytic index (proportion of phagocytic cells) was decreased by 42.8% (immature dendritic cells) and 74.2% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to monocytes. Similarly, the phagocytic index was decreased by 46.5% (immature dendritic cells) and 75.9% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to macrophages. Volume density of phagocytized particles was decreased by 76.1% (immature dendritic cells) and 96.7% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to the monocytes. However, volume density was decreased by 34.3% (immature dendritic cells) and 91% (mature dendritic cells) with respect to alveolar macrophages. These results show that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells possess a phagocytic capacity that is lower than that of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages but higher than that of mature dendritic cells.
B. PROFESTAMBALEBENSON. "
Kiambo N., Magnussen, P., Estambale B., Ouma J.H., Mugo B (2003). Prevention of anaemia in pregnancy using insecticide-treated bednets and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in a highly malarious are of Kenya: A randomized controlled trial. Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med.". In:
Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97: 277 . Taylor & Francis; 2003.
AbstractAs part of a larger study on the effects of permethrin-impregnated bednets on the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti, subjects from 12 villages in the Coastal province of Kenya, south of Mombasa, were investigated. The aims were to update the epidemiological data and elucidate the spatial distribution of W. bancrofti infection. Samples of night blood from all the villagers aged i 1 year were checked for the parasite, and all the adult villagers (aged >/= 15 years) were clinically examined for elephantiasis and, if male, for hydrocele. Overall, 16.0% of the 6531 villagers checked for microfilariae (mff) were found microfilaraemic, although the prevalence of microfilaraemia in each village varied from 8.1%-27.4%. The geometric mean intensity of infection among the microfilaraemic was 322 mff/ml blood. At village level, intensity of the microfilaraemia was positively correlated with prevalence, indicating that transmission has a major influence on the prevalence of microfilaraemia. Clinical examination of 2481 adults revealed that 2.9% had elephantiasis of the leg and that 19.9% of the adult men (10.8%-30.1% of the men investigated in each village) had hydrocele. Although the overall prevalence of microfilaraemia in the study villages had not changed much since earlier studies in the 1970s, both prevalence and intensity varied distinctly between the study villages. Such geographical variation over relatively short distances appears to be a common but seldom demonstrated feature in the epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis, and the focal nature of the geographical distribution should be carefully considered by those mapping the disease.
WANGECHI DR(MRS) KABUAGELUCY. "
Kiarie, E,G., Kabuage, L.W., Wakhungu, J.W., Gitau, G.K., Githure, J. and Mutero, C.M. (2002). A description of livestock and their role in Mwea irrigation scheme.". In:
Paper presented at The Kenya Veterinary Association Conference held on 24-26 April 2002 in Kakamega, Kenya. Lelax Global (K) Ltd; 2002.
AbstractThe book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes.
WANGECHI DR(MRS) KABUAGELUCY. "
Kiarie, E.G., Kabuage, L.W., Gitau, G.K., Wakhungu, J.W. and Mutero, C.M. (2006). Livestock and their role in Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 54, 110-117.". In:
Ufanisi Journal No.47. Lelax Global (K) Ltd; 2006.
AbstractThe book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe MK, Macklin M, Gobright E, Bishop R, Urakawa T, ole-MoiYoi OK.Characterisation of single domain ATP-binding cassette protien homologues of Theileria parva.Parasitol Res. 2001 Sep;87(9):741-50.". In:
Parasitol Res. 2001 Sep;87(9):741-50. University of Nairobi.; 2001.
AbstractTwo distinct genes encoding single domain, ATP-binding cassette transport protein homologues of Theileria parva were cloned and sequenced. Neither of the genes is tandemly duplicated. One gene, TpABC1, encodes a predicted protein of 593 amino acids with an N-terminal hydrophobic domain containing six potential membrane-spanning segments. A single discontinuous ATP-binding element was located in the C-terminal region of TpABC1. The second gene, TpABC2, also contains a single C-terminal ATP-binding motif. Copies of TpABC2 were present at four loci in the T. parva genome on three different chromosomes. TpABC1 exhibited allelic polymorphism between stocks of the parasite. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences revealed that TpABC1 contained seven short introns, between 29 and 84 bp in length. The full-length TpABC1 protein was expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus system. Application of antibodies raised against the recombinant antigen to western blots of T. parva piroplasm lysates detected an 85 kDa protein in this life-cycle stage.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe, M.K, Coppin, A., Dendouga, N., Oria, G., Meurice, E., Mortuaire, M., Madec, E., Tomavo, S. (2005). Transcriptional regulation of two stage-specifically expressed genes in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic Acids Research. 33, 1722-173.". In:
Nucleic Acids Research. 33, 1722-1736. University of Nairobi.; 2005.
AbstractThe protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii differentially expresses two distinct enolase isoenzymes known as ENO1 and ENO2, respectively. To understand differential gene expression during tachyzoite to bradyzoite conversion, we have characterized the two T.gondii enolase promoters. No homology could be found between these sequences and no TATA or CCAAT boxes were evident. The differential activation of the ENO1 and ENO2 promoters during tachyzoite to bradyzoite differentiation was investigated by deletion analysis of 5'-flanking regions fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter followed by transient transfection. Our data indicate that in proliferating tachyzoites, the repression of ENO1 involves a negative distal regulatory region (nucleotides -1245 to -625) in the promoter whereas a proximal regulatory region in the ENO2 promoter directs expression at a low level. In contrast, the promoter activity of ENO1 is highly induced following the conversion of tachyzoites into resting bradyzoites. The ENO2 promoter analysis in bradyzoites showed that there are two upstream repression sites (nucleotides -1929 to -1067 and -456 to -222). Furthermore, electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated the presence of DNA-binding proteins in tachyzoite and bradyzoite nuclear lysates that bound to stress response elements (STRE), heat shock-like elements (HSE) and other cis-regulatory elements in the upstream regulatory regions of ENO1 and ENO2. Mutation of the consensus AGGGG sequence, completely abolished protein binding to an oligonucleotide containing this element. This study defines the first characterization of cis-regulatory elements and putative transcription factors involved in gene regulation of the important pathogen T.gondii.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe, M.K. and Smith, G.R. (1984). A study of F38 and related Mycoplasmas by mycoplasmaemia and cross-immunisation tests in mice. Journal of Hygiene (Camb), 93: 465-474.". In:
Journal of Hygiene (Camb), 93: 465-474. University of Nairobi.; 1984.
AbstractThe ELISA and an immunoblotting technique were used to study F38-type mycoplasmas - an important cause of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - and a number of related mycoplasma species, subspecies, types or serogroups. Two-way ELISA cross-reactivity was demonstrated between five mycoplasmas, namely strain F38, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC strain), M. equigenitalium, M. primatum and bovine serogroup 7. In addition one-way cross-reactivity was demonstrated between F38 and each of the following mycoplasmas: M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (two SC strains), M. mycoides subsp. capri, and bovine serogroup L. F38 and M. capricolum did not cross-react. Immunoblot analysis, unlike ELISA, revealed that F38 and M. capricolum were closely related. At least four major protein antigens were shared between F38, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (SC and LC strains), M. mycoides subsp. capri and bovine serogroup 7. The ELISA cross-reactions (above) shown by M. equigenitalium and M. primatum with each other, with F38 and with other mycoplasmas were not apparent by immunoblotting.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe, M.K. and Smith, G.R. (1986). Enhancement and inhibition of the growth of F38 and related Mycoplasmas by bacterial products. British Veterinary Journal, 142: 389-390.". In:
British Veterinary Journal, 142: 389-390. University of Nairobi.; 1986.
AbstractBacteriophage clones containing ribosomal RNA genes of Theileria parva were isolated from genomic DNA libraries. Physical mapping studies revealed 2 ribosomal DNA units, which were distinguishable by restriction enzyme site polymorphisms in flanking sequences. The cloned ribosomal DNA units were mapped to 2 separate T. parva chromosomes. Analysis of sequences contained in lambda EMBL3 recombinants, together with Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA and data on the copy number of the rRNA genes, suggested that the rDNA units were not tandemly repeated. This organisation of ribosomal transcription units is similar to that described for other genera of apicomplexan protozoa, but 2 rDNA units, each containing single copies of the rRNA coding genes, would be the lowest copy number described for any eukaryote in which amplification of rRNA genes is not known to occur. EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms, which were revealed using rRNA gene probes, separated T. parva stocks into 2 categories. Nucleotide sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified internal transcribed spacer DNA revealed 2 different ITS sequences derived from rDNA transcription units within the genome of a cloned T. parva parasite. Polymorphism was also observed between ITS sequences amplified from the DNA of different T. parva stocks. A synthetic oligonucleotide derived from T. parva Uganda ribosomal ITS DNA sequences hybridised to DNA from the T. parva Uganda stock, but not to the DNA of the T. parva Muguga stock. This oligonucleotide is potentially useful as a marker for the T. parva Uganda stock.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe, M.K., Bidwell, D.E., Turp, P. and Smith, G.R. (1985). Demonstration of cross-reactive antigens in F38 and related Mycoplasmas by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Journal of Hygiene (Camb), 95: 95-106.". In:
Journal of Hygiene (Camb), 95: 95-106. University of Nairobi.; 1985.
AbstractThe ELISA and an immunoblotting technique were used to study F38-type mycoplasmas - an important cause of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - and a number of related mycoplasma species, subspecies, types or serogroups. Two-way ELISA cross-reactivity was demonstrated between five mycoplasmas, namely strain F38, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC strain), M. equigenitalium, M. primatum and bovine serogroup 7. In addition one-way cross-reactivity was demonstrated between F38 and each of the following mycoplasmas: M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (two SC strains), M. mycoides subsp. capri, and bovine serogroup L. F38 and M. capricolum did not cross-react. Immunoblot analysis, unlike ELISA, revealed that F38 and M. capricolum were closely related. At least four major protein antigens were shared between F38, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (SC and LC strains), M. mycoides subsp. capri and bovine serogroup 7. The ELISA cross-reactions (above) shown by M. equigenitalium and M. primatum with each other, with F38 and with other mycoplasmas were not apparent by immunoblotting.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe, M.K., Macklin, D.M., Gobright, E., Bishop, R., Urakawa, T. and ole-MoiYoi, O.K. (2001). Characterisation and expression of single domain ATP binding cassette protein homologues of the lymphocyte transforming protozoan parasite Theileria parva. Paras.". In:
Parasitology Research, 87: 741-50. University of Nairobi.; 2001.
AbstractTwo distinct genes encoding single domain, ATP-binding cassette transport protein homologues of Theileria parva were cloned and sequenced. Neither of the genes is tandemly duplicated. One gene, TpABC1, encodes a predicted protein of 593 amino acids with an N-terminal hydrophobic domain containing six potential membrane-spanning segments. A single discontinuous ATP-binding element was located in the C-terminal region of TpABC1. The second gene, TpABC2, also contains a single C-terminal ATP-binding motif. Copies of TpABC2 were present at four loci in the T. parva genome on three different chromosomes. TpABC1 exhibited allelic polymorphism between stocks of the parasite. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences revealed that TpABC1 contained seven short introns, between 29 and 84 bp in length. The full-length TpABC1 protein was expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus system. Application of antibodies raised against the recombinant antigen to western blots of T. parva piroplasm lysates detected an 85 kDa protein in this life-cycle stage.
KANYI DRKIBEMICHAEL. "
Kibe, M.K., ole-MoiYoi, O.K., Nene, V., Khan, B., Allsopp, B., Collins N.E., Morzaria, S.P., Gobright, E. and Bishop, R.P. (1994). Evidence for two single copy units in Theileria parva ribosomal RNA genes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 66: 249-2.". In:
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 66: 249-259. University of Nairobi.; 1994.
AbstractBacteriophage clones containing ribosomal RNA genes of Theileria parva were isolated from genomic DNA libraries. Physical mapping studies revealed 2 ribosomal DNA units, which were distinguishable by restriction enzyme site polymorphisms in flanking sequences. The cloned ribosomal DNA units were mapped to 2 separate T. parva chromosomes. Analysis of sequences contained in lambda EMBL3 recombinants, together with Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA and data on the copy number of the rRNA genes, suggested that the rDNA units were not tandemly repeated. This organisation of ribosomal transcription units is similar to that described for other genera of apicomplexan protozoa, but 2 rDNA units, each containing single copies of the rRNA coding genes, would be the lowest copy number described for any eukaryote in which amplification of rRNA genes is not known to occur. EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms, which were revealed using rRNA gene probes, separated T. parva stocks into 2 categories. Nucleotide sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified internal transcribed spacer DNA revealed 2 different ITS sequences derived from rDNA transcription units within the genome of a cloned T. parva parasite. Polymorphism was also observed between ITS sequences amplified from the DNA of different T. parva stocks. A synthetic oligonucleotide derived from T. parva Uganda ribosomal ITS DNA sequences hybridised to DNA from the T. parva Uganda stock, but not to the DNA of the T. parva Muguga stock. This oligonucleotide is potentially useful as a marker for the T. parva Uganda stock.
KARURI PROFGATHUMBIPETER. "
Kibebe, H.W., Gathumbi P.K, Kigondu C.S, Mbuthia P.G, Karioki J.W. EARLY DETECTION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA USING GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN IN MICE MODEL.". In:
THE 7TH BIENNIAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, 2010, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY AUDITORIUM, CAVS. J.M. Nguta,, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, S.G. Kiama; 2010.
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Experiments on animals play an important role in the study of noninfectious diseases, insulin development for diabetes treatment, kidney failure blood dialysis, transplantation techniques, and various types of surgery advancements.
In this study hyperglycemia development in mice induced with alloxan monohydrate was determined using glycated hemoglobin and compared with blood glucose.
Effective dose for making the mice hyperglycemic was first determined for alloxan monohydrate concentrations and found to be 300mg/kg body weight single dose. Ten mice were randomly selected, weighed and assigned into test and control groups (5 per group). Test group was injected with 0.2ml of 300mg/kg alloxan while control group received 0.2ml of sterile water intraperitoneally.
The blood glucose in the test group increased steadily from 3.7mmol/L (day1) to 8.4mmol/L (day 7). Glycated hemoglobin in the test group mice increased marginally from 4.75% to 5.18% compared with the control group at 4.85% to 4.90% with glucose levels stabilizing at 5%.
The experiment demonstrates that glycated hemoglobin testing can be used to detect sub-clinical diabetes mellitus and early initiation of treatment and management.
GICHOHI DRMBUTHIAPAUL. "
Kibebe, H.W., Gathumbi, p.K., kigondu, C.S., Mbuthia, P.G., Karioki, J.W., 2010. Early Detection of Hyperglycemia using glycated hemoglobin in mice model. In the Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Scientific Conference of the University of Nairobi, CAVS, Fac.". In:
7th Biennial Scientific Conference of the University of Nairobi, CAVS, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Livestock Research for Rural development; 2010.
AbstractEctoparasitism is an important factor associated with poor production of village indigenous chickens. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in free ranging indigenous chicken from two different agro-ecological zones: Lower highland 1 (LH1) in Embu District and Lower midland 5 (LM5) in Mbeere District, Kenya. A total of 144 chickens of matched age (chicks, growers and adults) and sex groups were examined for the presence of ectoparasites. Of these, 138 (95.8%) had one or more types of ectoparasites, namely; lice, mites, fleas and soft ticks.
One thirty one birds had lice, 107 mites, 42 sticktight fleas and 8 had soft ticks. Of the 138 infested birds, 25 had single while 113 had mixed infestations. Lice were the most prevalent parasites. The study documents Epidermoptes species, Laminosioptes cysticola and Megninia species for the first time in Africa as well as Lipeurus caponis and Goniodes gigas in Kenya. All adult birds were infected with ectoparasites followed by 97.7% grower and 89.6% chicks. Both male and female birds had same prevalence (95.8%) of ectoparasites. Lower midland 5 had a slightly higher prevalence of ectoparasites (98.6%) compared to LH1 (93.1%) though not statistically significant. Parasite intensity was significantly different among age groups of chicken and between agro-ecological zones (p<0.05), but not between sexes of birds (p>0.05).
Because of the high prevalence of ectoparasites revealed by this study, it is imperative that integrated control strategies need to be put in place to improve chicken productivity and enhance smallholder livelihood in these areas.
WAMBUGU DRKIBUGIEDWIN. "
KIBUGI E.W. Susceptability of Candida albicans isolates to Miconazole and ketoconazole.Afr.J. oralhealth 2002;3:154-158.". In:
Afr.J. oralhealth 2002;3:154-158. Kisipan, M.L.; 2002.
AbstractObjective: To determine the pattern of breast disease at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)
Study design: Retrospective descriptive study
Study setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, a University teaching and National Referral Hospital
Patients: Records of 1172 patients were reviewed.
Results: An average 469 new patients per year or 11 new patients per clinic visit were seen at the clinic over a two and a half year period. Females predominated (98.9%) in this series. The mean age was 34.71 years (range 1 to 96 years). The average age at menarche was 14.49 years and the mean duration of symptoms was 6.86 months. Only 2.6% of 843 patients had a positive family history of breast disease. Fibroadenoma was the commonest diagnosis made (33.2%) followed by ductal carcinoma (19.7%). Gynaecomastia was the most common lesion seen in males. Two thirds of patients presenting with tumors had masses measuring more than 5cm. Overall five conditions (fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma, breast abscesses, fibrocystic disease and mastalgia) accounted for over 85% of all breast ailments. Surgery formed the main stay of care in over 80% of patients.
Conclusions: The pattern of breast diseases at KNH closely mirrors those reported in other studies in the region and beyond. This study indicates that a large proportion of patients presenting with breast disease are treated initially by surgery. It may be wise to consider other alternative forms of therapy where appropriate.
The Annals of African Surgery: 2008 June; Vol 2, pg 97-101.
PROF. MWAURA FRANCISB. "
KIBUNJA C.N., D.N. MUGENDI, F.B. MWAURA, E.M. KITONYO & M.P. SALEMA (2002). Fate of applied fertiliser nitrogen in a long-term maize-bean cropping system in Kenya. 17th World Congress in Soil Science, Bangkok, Thailand 2002.". In:
Vol. 5 April 2002 15-17. eamj; 2002.
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial
PROF. MWAURA FRANCISB. "
KIBUNJA C.N., F.B. MWAURA & D.N. MUGENDI (2001). Nitrogen dynamics in response to long-term application of organic and inorganic sources in a maize-bean rotation. In : Proc. Soil Science Society of East Africa, 9 - 14 Dec. 2001, Moshi, Tanzania.". In:
Vol. 5 April 2002 15-17. eamj; 2001.
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial
PROF. MWAURA FRANCISB. "
KIBUNJA, C.N., F.B. MWAURA AND D.N. MUGENDI 2010. Long-term Land Management Effects On Soil Properties And Microbial Populations In A Maize-Bean Rotation At Kabete, Kenya. African J of Agric. Research 5 (2): 108 .". In:
Vol. 5 April 2002 15-17. eamj; 2010.
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial
K PROFMAITAICHARLES. "
Kibwage IO, Ogeto JO, Maitai CK, Rutere G, Thuranira J, Ochieng' A. Drug quality control work in Daru: observations during 1983-1986.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1992. African Crop Science Society; 1992.
AbstractDuring a 4 year period (January 1983 to December 1986), 418 requests for drug analysis were received in the Drug Analysis and Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi. Of these requests, 212 were from Medical Supplies Coordination Unit, 190 from Government hospitals and health research institutions, 11 from the Ministry of Health Headquarters (Director of Medical Services and Chief Pharmacist) and 5 came from local pharmaceutical manufacturers. Of the samples analysed, 70.8% were from local manufacturers, 26.1% were imported and 3.1% were from undeclared sources. Failure to comply with test for quality, as set out in official compendia (B.P. Eur. ph. Ip, etc.) were observed at 45.8% for locally manufactured drugs and 31.4% for imported drug products.
K PROFKAMAUREUBEN, OTIENO DRODAWAFRANCISXAVIER. "
Kidula NA, Kamau RK, Ojwang SBO, et al. A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice of induced abortion among nurses in Kisii District, Kenya. J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 10-12.". In:
J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 10-12. Journal of School of Continuous and Distance Education ; 1993.
AbstractKamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
K PROFKAMAUREUBEN, OTIENO DRODAWAFRANCISXAVIER. "
Kidula NA, Kamau RK, Ojwang SBO, et al. A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice of induced abortion among nurses in Kisii District, Kenya. J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 10-12.". In:
J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 10-12. EM Ngatia, LW Gathece, FG Macigo, TK Mulli, LN Mutara, EG Wagaiyu.; 1993.
AbstractPIP: In November and December, 1993, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to men in the town of Machakos and to nonmedical hospital workers of Machakos General Hospital. The purpose of the study was to assess their knowledge about and attitude towards vasectomy. The majority of men were in the age group of 30-44 years and were married; the hospital group was more educated. The town men perceived the pill to be the best contraceptive method for women in contrast to the hospital group who gave more importance to bilateral tubal ligation. The hospital group also perceived vasectomy as the best method for men. Overall, 53.2% men were aware of the correct procedure of vasectomy, but only 24% had correct knowledge of how the procedure affects masculinity. The knowledge of the procedure among hospital workers was not very different from that of the town group. Recommendations were made to increase information and education to all groups of people through various media. author's modified
WAMBUI PROFKOGIMAKAU-. "
Kielmann A.A., Kielmann, N.S., Kogi-Makau, W., et al., "Nutritional Impact of a Food for Work Project and its Participants (A Case Study from Kenya)". In Young, K.W., Cha, L.Y., Soon J.J., & He, K.S., (Editors), New Era: Global Harmony Through Nutrition, .". In:
Seminar, organised by Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Applied Human Nutrition Programme, University of Nairobi on 25-27 June,1990, Nairobi. AIDS 24(6):891-7; 1989.
AbstractDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease.
PIUS DRKIGAMWA. "
Kigamwa P. Perinatal death Psychiatric Aspects. Medicus Vol. 10 No. 2 Page 18-21, February 1991.". In:
Medicus Vol. 10 No. 2 Page 18-21, February 1991. EAMJ; 1991.
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Provision of management education through distance education is gaining significance in Britain and other developed countries. Although distance learning in developing countries is widely used in other aspects of education such as teacher training, it has been given scant consideration in the education of managers. This study investigated the possibility of using this method as an appropriate means of providing management education to Kenyan managers. It is felt that although much effort has been put into manpower training, affirmed in various national policies, the providing institutions are inadequate and appear not to meet the demand. In suggesting distance learning as a supplementary method, a survey of practice in the UK is used to demonstrate the relevance and the extent of application from which several lessons can be drawn by the Faculty of External Studies, University of Nairobi. The main critical success factors are efficient management of the various sub-systems in a distance learning institution, and the extent to which inherent limitations of distance learning are overcome.
PIUS DRKIGAMWA. "
Kigamwa P. The Concept of disease and its applicability to mental illness. Medicus Vol.11 No. 5, page 14-16, May 1992.". In:
Medicus Vol.11 No. 5, page 14-16, May 1992. EAMJ; 1992.
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Provision of management education through distance education is gaining significance in Britain and other developed countries. Although distance learning in developing countries is widely used in other aspects of education such as teacher training, it has been given scant consideration in the education of managers. This study investigated the possibility of using this method as an appropriate means of providing management education to Kenyan managers. It is felt that although much effort has been put into manpower training, affirmed in various national policies, the providing institutions are inadequate and appear not to meet the demand. In suggesting distance learning as a supplementary method, a survey of practice in the UK is used to demonstrate the relevance and the extent of application from which several lessons can be drawn by the Faculty of External Studies, University of Nairobi. The main critical success factors are efficient management of the various sub-systems in a distance learning institution, and the extent to which inherent limitations of distance learning are overcome.
PIUS DRKIGAMWA. "
Kigamwa P. tobacco Use Disorder, Medicus Vol. 9 No. 10, page 8,9 October 1990.". In:
Medicus Vol. 9 No. 10, page 8,9 October 1990. EAMJ; 1990.
AbstractPsychiatric morbidity among 200 medical in-patients at Kenyatta National Hospital was determined by a two-stage screening procedure, using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and standardized psychiatric interview (SPI). 44 (22%) of the total sample of 200 patients who were interviewed met the pre-established criteria for psychiatric morbidity; of these 59% comprised affective disorders. 4 (9%) of the psychiatric morbidity cases were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Referral seemed to be related to severity of illness and a previous history of psychiatric illness. There was no evidence in the notes that the psychiatric problems had been detected, treated or dealt with in any other way by the medical team in 34 patients out of 44 with psychiatric morbidity. Increase in the mental health input in the training of all health workers with emphasis on recognition and management of some of the commoner psychological problems is recommended.
PIUS DRKIGAMWA. "
Kigamwa P.Psychological manifestations and heart disease East Afr Med J. 2004 Dec;81(12):609-10. Review.". In:
East Afr Med J. 2004 Dec. EAMJ; 2004.
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Provision of management education through distance education is gaining significance in Britain and other developed countries. Although distance learning in developing countries is widely used in other aspects of education such as teacher training, it has been given scant consideration in the education of managers. This study investigated the possibility of using this method as an appropriate means of providing management education to Kenyan managers. It is felt that although much effort has been put into manpower training, affirmed in various national policies, the providing institutions are inadequate and appear not to meet the demand. In suggesting distance learning as a supplementary method, a survey of practice in the UK is used to demonstrate the relevance and the extent of application from which several lessons can be drawn by the Faculty of External Studies, University of Nairobi. The main critical success factors are efficient management of the various sub-systems in a distance learning institution, and the extent to which inherent limitations of distance learning are overcome.
B PROFOJWANGSHADRACK, OTIENO DRODAWAFRANCISXAVIER. "
Kigondu SC, Ojutu JO, Nyonyitono RM, Ojwang SBO, Sanghvi HCG, Muthami LM, Nyagero JM.Condom: acceptability and use among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. J. Obst. Gyn. East Cent. Afr. 1992: 10, 25-30.". In:
J. Obstet. Gyna East Afr. 10(2): 65 1992,. EM Ngatia, LW Gathece, FG Macigo, TK Mulli, LN Mutara, EG Wagaiyu.; 1992.
AbstractPIP: In this study, 273 university students (161 men and 112 women) were interviewed by means of a self-administered questionnaire to determine their knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The mean age of the men was 22.4 +or- 1.6 years and that of the women was 22.1 +or- 1.6 years. 97.4% of the students were sexually experienced. Knowledge of common STDs was high, but knowledge of their signs, symptoms, and consequences was low. 24.5% of the male and 3.7% of the female students had had an STD. The principal sources of information on STDs included books, films, and TV for 39.6% of the students and teachers for 16.8% of the students. Parents played a very minimal role. It is suggested that primary and secondary school students be taught about STDs as part of reproductive health education and that such education be continued at the college level in order to increase the awareness among young people. author's modified
B PROFOJWANGSHADRACK, OTIENO DRODAWAFRANCISXAVIER. "
Kigondu SC, Ojutu JO, Nyonyitono RM, Ojwang SBO, Sanghvi HCG, Muthami LM, Nyagero JM.Condom: acceptability and use among patients attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. J. Obst. Gyn. East Cent. Afr. 1992: 10, 25-30.". In:
East Afr Med J.1993. Rao, W. O., Ogonji, J. A.. and Aywa, S.; 1992.
AbstractObstetrical and gynaecological articles related to safe motherhood published in the East African Medical Journal between 1924 and 1989 were reviewed. A total of 133 topics were published. Out of these, 84 (63.2%) were obstetrical and 49 (36.8%) gynaecological. Out of the obstetrical topics, 66 were pregnancy related, 12 were public health and the rest medical topics. A rapid increase in the number of the relevant topics is seen especially after 1970. This is probably due to the increase in the number of of obstetricians training locally in the African region and the international nature of the Journal during the last two decades. PIP: A review of all published articles in the East African Medical Journal between 1924 and 1989 was presented. All articles pertaining to obstetrical and gynecological topics related to maternal care were reviewed. The aim was to identify the role the journal has played in distributing information about safe motherhood research. This journal is one of the oldest to present information originating in Africa and recently has gained international recognition. Articles that were studies conducted in other parts of the world are now published. The number of topics devoted to obstetrics and safe motherhood has increased during the past 20 years. Publication by researchers in this journal has contributed to specialists advancement within universities and medical areas. The first maternal-related article was published in 1024 and was devoted to performance of a cesarean section on a woman in Mombasa, an article of particular importance for African countries with high maternal mortality and morbidity from child birth. There have been a total of 133 articles on motherhood since 1924, of which 84 were on obstetrics and 49 on gynecology. World War II probably affected the decline in articles during the period 1940-49. There was a rapid increase in motherhood articles between 1950 and 1989, which also corresponded to an increase in trained obstetricians and gynecologists. Prior to 1970, most specialists were trained outside of Africa and did not publish in this journal. By subject area, there were 12 topics on public health related issues, 43 on prenatal care, 19 on delivery, 4 on postpartum care, and 6 on medically related issues such as infections, diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, hypertension, and heart disease.
K PROFIMUNGIJASPER. "
Kihurani, A. W. , S. Shibairo, J. K. Imungi, R. D. Narla, and E.E. Cartey, 2003. Susceptability of sweet potato germplasm to Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus Stolonifer and Rhizopus Oryzae in Kenya. MUARIK Bulletin 6: 30 .". In:
MUARIK Bulletin 6: 30 . Canadian Center of Science and Education; 2003.
AbstractTwenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower.
MUNGE PROFMUKUNYAD. "
Kihurani, A.W., D.M. Mukunya and R.A. Burucahra, 1989. Evaluation of bean cultivars for resistance to rust.". In:
Proceedings of the 1st Plant Pathology Society of Kenya Conference, 23 . Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Vol. 27, pp. 79-85.; 1989.
AbstractThe gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O. (1990): Surgical conditions of the urinary tract in cattle. The Kenya Veterinarian, 14:5-6.". In:
Proceedings of the 3rd Geneva Congress of Equine Medicine and Surgery, and 3rd Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association (WEVA), Geneva, 7-11 December, 1993, Swiss Vet 11-S/ 1993, p. 184. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 1990.
AbstractEquines are particularly susceptible to infection with Trypanosoma evansi and T. brucei, but rarely is natural T. congolense and T. vivax infection seen in horses. An outbreak of trypanosomosis occurred in a herd of horses used for patrolling the pineapple fields on the Del Monte Farm, Thika, Kenya, initially involving 6 horses. On subsequent screening of the entire group, T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax infections were detected in 16 of the 35 horses. The tests used for diagnosis included microscopic examination of stained blood smears, buffy coat technique, mouse inoculation and antigen detection enzyme immunoassay ( antigen ELISA ).
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O. (2000): Suratex.". In:
Proceedings of the 6th Kenya Camel Forum, Maralal, Samburu District, 7th-11th March, 2000, p. 43-45. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 2000.
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O. (2001): Computer tomography: a novel diagnostic technique used in horses. The Kenya Veterinarian, 21; 32-33.". In:
Proceedings of the 7th Kenya Camel Forum, Nanyuki, Laikipia district, 13th to 16th March, 2001, p. 46-47. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 2001.
AbstractIn Veterinary Medicine, Computer Tomography (CT scan) is used more often in dogs and cats than in large animals due to their small size and ease of manipulation. This paper, however, illustrates the use of the technique in horses. CT scan was used in the diagnosis of two conditions of the head and limbs, namely Alveolar periostitis and Navicular disease. The advantages of the technique are evident in the clarity with which the lesions are seen, as well as the precise identification of the affected tooth or bone.
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O. (2001): Economics of early diagnosis of camel trypanosomiasis using Suratex.". In:
Proceedings of the 7th Kenya Camel Forum, Nanyuki, Laikipia district, 13th to 16th March, 2001, p. 46-47. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 2001.
AbstractYohimbine, 4-aminopyridine, and a combination of the 2 drugs were studied to asses their potential as antagonists to xylazine in goats. Twenty-four shall East African goats were divided randomly into 4 groups of 6 goats each in a placebo-controlled study. They were all treated with intramuscular xylazine at 0.44 mg/kg. At the time of maximum sedation, sterile water was administered intravenously to the control group, 0.15 % 40aminopyridine at 0.4mg/kg to Group2, 0.1% yohimbine at 0.25mg/kg to Group 4. The hohimbine/40aminopyridine combination was also used to antangonise xylazine at 0.88mg/kg in 6 goats. The heart rate, respiratory rate and rate of ruminal movements, the peal and palpebral reflexes as well as the reaction to noxious stimuli, the standing time and the total recovery time were established and evaluated to assess the effects of the treatments. The drugs reversed the xylazine-induced decrease in the heart rate, respiratory rate and rate of ruminal movements and also rapidly restored the reflexes as well as the reaction to noxious stimulation. In addition, they significantly (p<0.05) decreased the mean standing time. The mean total recovery time was decreased significantly (p<0.05) by 4-aminopyridine and the yohimbine/4-aminopyridine combination, but non-sigificantly (p>0.05) by yohimbine. No relapse in sedation occurred. Overall, the combination of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine produce better responses than the individual drugs, and may therefore be used for rapid reversal of xylazine-induced sedation in goats. Yohimbine or 4-aminopyridine may also be useful for this purpose but recovery may be prolonged. Key words: small East African goats, xylazine antagonists, xylazine hydrochloride, yombine, 4-aminopyridine.
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O. and Schusser, G. (2001): The use of Ultrasound in distinguishing complications of the Jugular vein arising from intravenous catheters and injections in horses. The Kenya Veterinarian, 21; 16-19.". In:
Proceedings of the 7th Kenya Camel Forum, Nanyuki, Laikipia district, 13th to 16th March, 2001, p. 46-47. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 2001.
AbstractThe ultrasound technique was used to provide both structural and functional information concerning the integrity of the jugular vein, following intravenous infusions and injections. These were performed in the routine administration of antibiotics and fluids for the treatment of horses, mainly suffering from colic. The complications noted during examination included peri-phlebitis, thrombo-phlebitis and peri-venous abscesses of varying sizes at the injection site, and sometimes affecting most of the jugular vein. The different lesions, which often could not be differentiated clinically, were clearly evident using ultrasonography. In addition, the integrity of the venous blood flow could be determined, particularly in cases of thrombo-phlebitis where partial or complete occlusion of the vein occurred. When noted early, using ultrasonography, exacerbation of the thrombus could be prevented by avoiding repeated intravenous injections or by the removal of indwelling catheters.
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O., Masake, R., Nantulya, V.M. and Mbiuki, S.M. (1993):Epidemiology and diagnosis of Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei infections in horses on the Del Monte farm in Thika. ILRAD 1992: Annual Scientific Report of .". In:
Proceedings of the 6th Kenya Camel Forum, Maralal, Samburu District, 7th-11th March, 2000, p. 43-45. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 1993.
AbstractEquines are particularly susceptible to infection with Trypanosoma evansi and T. brucei, but rarely is natural T. congolense and T. vivax infection seen in horses. An outbreak of trypanosomosis occurred in a herd of horses used for patrolling the pineapple fields on the Del Monte Farm, Thika, Kenya, initially involving 6 horses. On subsequent screening of the entire group, T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax infections were detected in 16 of the 35 horses. The tests used for diagnosis included microscopic examination of stained blood smears, buffy coat technique, mouse inoculation and antigen detection enzyme immunoassay ( antigen ELISA ).
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O., Masake, R., Nantulya, V.M. and Mbiuki, S.M. (1994): Characterization of Trypanosoma congolense, parasites isolated from horses on the Del Monte Farm in Thika. ILRAD 1993: Annual Scientific Report of the International Laboratory for Researc.". In:
Proceedings of the 6th Kenya Camel Forum, Maralal, Samburu District, 7th-11th March, 2000, p. 43-45. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 1994.
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O., Masake, R.A., Nantulya, V.M. and Mbiuki, S.M. (2000): Characterization of trypanosome isolates from naturally infected horses on a farm in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology, 89: 173-185.". In:
Proceedings of the 7th Kenya Camel Forum, Nanyuki, Laikipia district, 13th to 16th March, 2001, p. 46-47. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 2000.
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O., Mbiuki, S.M. and Ngatia, T.A. (1989): Healing of dehorning wounds. British Veterinary Journal, 145;580-585.". In:
Proceedings of the 3rd Geneva Congress of Equine Medicine and Surgery, and 3rd Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association (WEVA), Geneva, 7-11 December, 1993, Swiss Vet 11-S/ 1993, p. 184. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 1989.
AbstractOpen wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds
O. PROFKIHURANIDAVID. "
Kihurani, D.O., Nantulya, V.M. and Masake, R.A. (2004): Skin reactions in horses infected with Trypanosoma congolense.". In:
Proceedings of the First Scientific Symposium of the European College of Equine Internal Medicine. In Tierarztliche Praxis, 32; 80-81. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 2004.
AbstractEight horses exposed to both Trypanosoma congolense- infected and non-infected tsetse flies ( Glossina pallidipes) were examined daily for a period of 12 weeks. Three types of skin reactions were observed. These included local inflammatory skin reactions, which developed 1-2 days after the tsetse bites, and were evident in 5 infected horses and one uninfected. As these initial swellings regressed, further skin reactions (chancres) developed in the 6 horses bitten by T. congolense infected tsetse. The chancres were observed 6-12 days post-infection. In addition, 3 infected horses developed a third type of skin reaction, namely urticaria, on days 51, 67 and 71 post-infection. Histological examination was done of skin biopsies taken from all three types of skin reactions and they revealed different cell types. These were predominantly neutrophils in the initial skin reactions, lymphocytes in the chancres, and eosinophils in the urticaria. The skin lesions observed in the T. congolense infected horse have not been well documented elsewhere, particularly with regard to the histological picture. The first two lesions also occur early in the course of infection, while all three are of brief duration, hence are often missed.
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