M DRMUNYUASJ. "
Karioki D. I., Munyua S. J. M., Chibeu D. M., and Olaho-Mukani, W. (1996). Causes of postnatal mortality in goats in arid and semi-arid areas in Kenya. Kenya Veterinary Association Annual scientific conference, held at Whitesands Hotel, Mombasa, 24-26/04/.". In:
Kenya Veterinary Association Annual scientific conference, held at Whitesands Hotel, Mombasa, 24-26/04/96. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1996.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
W. PROFJAOKOGODFREY. "
Karita E, Ketter N, price MA, Kayitenkore K, Kaleebu P, Nanvubya A, Anzala O, Jaoko W, Mutua G, Ruzagira E, Mulenga J, Sanders EJ, Mwangome A, Allen S, Bwanika A, Bahemuka U, Awuondo K, Omosa G, Farah B, Amornkul P, Birungi J, Yates S, Stoll-Johnson L, Gi.". In:
UoN research meeting. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4401; 2009.
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W. PROFJAOKOGODFREY. "
Karita E, Ketter N, price MA, Kayitenkore K, Kaleebu P, Nanvubya A, Anzala O, Jaoko W, Mutua G, Ruzagira E, Mulenga J, Sanders EJ, Mwangome A, Allen S, Bwanika A, Bahemuka U, Awuondo K, Omosa G, Farah B, Amornkul P, Birungi J, Yates S, Stoll-Johnson L, Gi.". In:
Beverage among the Abagusii of Western Kenya. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4401; 2009.
AbstractNinety seven patients were examined for dental caries using two standard methods: (a) clinical examination based on WHO Basic Methods Oral Health surveys and (b) radiographic examination. Clinical examination method under records caries by upto 40%. Such under recording may give an impression of a decreasing caries prevalence in epidemiological studies.
O. PROFANZALAAGGREY. "
Karita E, Price M, Hunter E, Chomba E, Allen S, Fei L, Kamali A, Sanders EJ, Anzala O, Katende M, Ketter N; the IAVI Collaborative Seroprevalence and Incidence Study Team.Investigating the utility of the HIV-1 BED capture enzyme immunoassay using cross-se.". In:
AIDS. 2007 Feb 19;21(4):403-8. John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2007.
AbstractBACKGROUND: The identification of populations at risk of HIV infection is a priority for trials of preventive technologies, including HIV vaccines. To quantify incidence traditionally requires laborious and expensive prospective studies. METHODS: The BED IgG-Capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed to estimate HIV-1 incidence using cross-sectional data by measuring increasing levels of HIV-specific IgG as a proportion of total IgG. To evaluate this assay, we tested 189 seroconversion samples taken at 3-monthly intervals from 15 Rwandan and 26 Zambian volunteers with known time of infection and cross-sectional specimens from 617 Kenyan and Ugandan volunteers with prevalent infection. RESULTS: The BED-EIA-estimated incidence in Uganda was unexpectedly high, at 6.1%/year [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2-8.0] in Masaka and 6.0%/year (95% CI 4.3-7.7) in Kakira. Prospective incidence data in Masaka from the same population was 1.7%/year before and 1.4%/year after the study. Kenyan estimates were 3.5%/year in Kilifi (95% CI 2.1-4.9) and 3.4%/year in Nairobi (95% CI 1.5-5.3). From the Rwandan and Zambian data, the sensitivity of the assay was 81.2% and the specificity was 67.8%. After approximately one year, subjects misclassified as recently infected tended to have lower plasma viral loads compared with those not misclassified as recent (median copies/ml 14 773 versus 93 560; P = 0.02). Clinical presentation, sex and HIV subtype were not significantly associated with BED-EIA misclassification in seroconverter samples. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that this assay does not perform reliably in all populations. Further research is warranted before using this assay to estimate incidence from prevalent HIV samples.
N. DRKARIUKIHELLEN. "
Kariuki et. al. Treatment and Outcomes in Palliative Care for HIV Patients: a Randomised Control Trial.". In:
Partnership for Advanced Clinical education Conference, HIV symposium. Kenya. International Association for the Study of Pain; 2012.
AbstractIntroduction: Despite the epidemiological data demonstrating a high need for palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa, systematic appraisal of the outcome evidence found a wealth of experience yet a dearth of evidence. This paradox offers an opportunity for ethical outcome evidence. A number of barriers to access for HIV palliative care have been identified, particularly in the assessment and management of HIV pain and drug availability in Africa for management of palliative care for people with HIV.There evidence from several studies in Europe, Africa and Latin America identifying those on ART to have a physical and psychological symptom burden equal to those not on treatment (even when controlling for CD4 and viral load). Research showed that around half of HIV outpatients would benefit from palliative care irrespective of their treatment status. Longitudinal studies conducted in East Africa have identified the palliative care-related needs among patients accessing outpatient care in the presence of ART. Barriers and lack of evidence have been identified and there is need for appropriateness of palliative care throughout the HIV disease trajectory and alongside ART. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy in terms of patient outcomes of training HIV nurses in palliative care including an assessment tool, for adults taking ART in Kenya, using randomised controlled trial (RCT) designs.Materials and Method: The study consists of two independent Phase III clinical randomised controlled trials, in a comprehensive care centre in Kenya.Patients are randomly allocated to standard HIV care (including ART) or standard HIV care plus palliative care. The palliative care is delivered through the HIV clinic using an integrated model. The APCA African POS questionnaire is used in this study.The design is longitudinal, using repeated measures. Patient-centred outcomes are measured using quantitative questionnaires. This study aims to reject the null hypothesis that receipt of palliative care in addition to standard care does not affect pain compared to those receiving standard care alone.APCA African POS seeks to address: pain, symptoms, anxiety information, spirituality, communication, planning, family information, family ability to care and family anxietyConclusion: With palliative care being introduced in government hospitals in Kenya, the study aims to provide evidence for efficacy of palliative care in HIV management and to achieve greater access to palliative care for those on ART by enabling existing ART clinic staff to assess and provide palliative care rather than use alternative (potentially more costly) approaches that refer all palliative care need out to external providers.
N. DRKARIUKIHELLEN. "
Kariuki et. al. Treatment and Outcomes in Palliative Care for HIV Patients: Randomised Control Trial in Kenya.". In:
19th International Congress on Palliative Care to be held October 9-12, 2012 in Montr. IAHPC; 2012.
AbstractIntroduction: Despite the epidemiological data demonstrating a high need for palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa, systematic appraisal of the outcome evidence found a wealth of experience yet a dearth of evidence. This paradox offers an opportunity for ethical outcome evidence. A number of barriers to access for HIV palliative care have been identified, particularly in the assessment and management of HIV pain and drug availability in Africa for management of palliative care for people with HIV.There evidence from several studies in Europe, Africa and Latin America identifying those on ART to have a physical and psychological symptom burden equal to those not on treatment (even when controlling for CD4 and viral load). Research showed that around half of HIV outpatients would benefit from palliative care irrespective of their treatment status. Longitudinal studies conducted in East Africa have identified the palliative care-related needs among patients accessing outpatient care in the presence of ART. Barriers and lack of evidence have been identified and there is need for appropriateness of palliative care throughout the HIV disease trajectory and alongside ART. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy in terms of patient outcomes of training HIV nurses in palliative care including an assessment tool, for adults taking ART in Kenya, using randomised controlled trial (RCT) designs.Materials and Method: The study consists of two independent Phase III clinical randomised controlled trials, in a comprehensive care centre in Kenya.Patients are randomly allocated to standard HIV care (including ART) or standard HIV care plus palliative care. The palliative care is delivered through the HIV clinic using an integrated model. The APCA African POS questionnaire is used in this study.The design is longitudinal, using repeated measures. Patient-centred outcomes are measured using quantitative questionnaires. This study aims to reject the null hypothesis that receipt of palliative care in addition to standard care does not affect pain compared to those receiving standard care alone.APCA African POS seeks to address: pain, symptoms, anxiety information, spirituality, communication, planning, family information, family ability to care and family anxietyConclusion: With palliative care being introduced in government hospitals in Kenya, the study aims to provide evidence for efficacy of palliative care in HIV management and to achieve greater access to palliative care for those on ART by enabling existing ART clinic staff to assess and provide palliative care rather than use alternative (potentially more costly) approaches that refer all palliative care need out to external providers.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kariuki J.K. and Kitonyi J.M.K An unusual intra-renal A-V fistula East Afr Med J. 1986 Apr;63(4):281-4.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1986 Apr;63(4):281-4. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1985.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki J.N., C.K. Gachuiri, G.K. Gitau, S. Tamminga, J. Van Bruchen, J.M.K. Muia and K.R.G. Irungu. 1998. Effect of feeding Napier grass, lucerne and sweet potato vines as sole diets to dairy heifers on nutrient intake, average dairy gain and rumen degra.". In:
Proceedings, 6th KARI Scientific conference, November, 1998. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 1998.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki J.N., C.K. Gachuiri, S. Tamminga, G.K. Gitau, J. Van Bruchen and J.M.K. Muia. 1999. Effect of supplementing napier grass with desmodium and lucerne on DM, CP and NDF intake and weight gains of growing heifers. Livestock Production Science. 60:81-8.". In:
South African Statistical Journal. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 1999.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki J.N., G.K. Gitau, C.K. Gachuiri, S. Tamminga, K.R.G. Irungu and J.M.K. Muia. 1999. Effect of maturity on the mineral composition of napier grass. Trop. Sci. 39:56- 61.". In:
South African Statistical Journal. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 1999.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki J.N., Gitau, G.K., C.K. Gachuiri, S. Tamminga and J.M.K. Muia. 1998. The effect of supplementing napier grass with graded levels of desmodium on intake and rumen fermentation in steers.". In:
Proceedings, 6th KARI Scientific conference, November, 1998. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 1998.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki J.N., S. Tamminga, G.K. Gitau, C.K. Gachuiri, J. Van Bruchen and J.M.K. Muia. 1999. Performance of Sahiwal and Friesian heifers fed on napier grass supplemented with graded levels of lucerne. S. Afri. J. Anim. Sci. 29:1-11.". In:
South African Statistical Journal. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 1999.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
J PROFMULAAFRANCIS. "
Kariuki MM, Kiaira JK, Mulaa FK, Mwangi JK, Wasunna MK, Martin SK.Plasmodium falciparum: Purification of the various gametocyte developmental stages from in vitro cultivated parasites gametocytes Am J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 59 (4), 505-508.". In:
Am J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 59 (4), 505-508. Springerlink; 1998.
AbstractCultivated Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes reach maturity in vitro in approximately 14-16 days, during which they pass through five morphologically distinct developmental stages. Purification of the earlier developmental stages has not been previously reported. We have modified the standard discontinuous Percoll gradient method for the separation of stage IV and V gametocytes to obtain enriched preparations of those and the earlier P. falciparum gametocyte stages. In contrast to the stages II, III, and IV, the mature stage V gametocytes from our gradient readily transformed into gametes. Such preparations may be useful in research studies on the mechanisms that underlie gametocytogenesis.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki, J.N., G.K. Gitau, C.K. Gachuiri, S. Tamminga and J.M. Muia. 1999. Feeding behaviour of sahiwal and friesian cattle under zero grazing system in a tropical climate. In D. van der Heide, E.A. Huisman, E. Kanis, J.W.M. Osse and M.W.A. Verstegen (Eds.". In:
South African Statistical Journal. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 1999.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
K PROFGACHUIRICHARLES. "
Kariuki, J.N., S. Tamminga, C.K. Gachuiri, G.K. Gitau and J.M. Muia. 2001. Intake and rumen degradation in cattle fed napier (Pennisetum purpureum) supplemented with varying levels of Desmodium intortum and Ipomea batatus vines. South African J Anim Sci 3.". In:
South African Statistical Journal. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 2001.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
MUNGAI DRMBUGUAPAUL. "
Karlsson E and Mbugua P M (1984): A comparison of gel filtration, ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and reverse phase chromatography in the fractionation of complex samples LKB Appl. Note 354.". In:
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Society (FACSS) XV, Boston, November 1988. AWC and FES; 1984.
AbstractTwo toxins that are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase have been isolated from the venom of the green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps. The toxins have been called fasciculins since after injection into mice (i.p. 0.5-3 micrograms/g body weight) they cause severe, generalized and long-lasting (5-7 h) fasciculations. Homogenates of diaphragm, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles from mice injected with fasciculins showed a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity by 45-60% compared to muscles from control animals. Histochemical staining revealed a greatly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity at neuromuscular junctions. Fasciculins have 61 amino acid residues and four disulfides. The molecular weights are 6765 (fasciculin 1) and 6735 (fasciculin 2). The sequences of the two toxins differ probably only at one position by a replacement of Tyr with Asp/Asn. 1 g of venom contained about 40 mg of fasciculins, 2/3 of which was fasciculin 2. A similar inhibitor has also been isolated from D. polylepis (black mamba) venom. The sequence of fasciculin 2 is known. Most of the positive charges are concentrated in a small section of the central part of the molecule, and most of the negative charges are in the C-terminal region. Fasciculins appear to have a pronounced dipole character. Fasciculin binds to the peripheral anionic site, since it can displace propidium, a probe for that site, from acetylcholinesterase. In vitro, in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 2 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4), fasciculin 2 inhibits acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C), rat muscle (Ki = 1.2 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C) and Electrophorus electricus (Ki = 3.0 X 10(-10) M, 22 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 6530667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MUNGAI DRMBUGUAPAUL. "
Karlsson E and Mbugua P M (1984): Further purification of some anticholinesterases in black mamba venom using HPLC. LKB Appl. Note 355.". In:
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Society (FACSS) XV, Boston, November 1988. AWC and FES; 1984.
AbstractTwo toxins that are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase have been isolated from the venom of the green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps. The toxins have been called fasciculins since after injection into mice (i.p. 0.5-3 micrograms/g body weight) they cause severe, generalized and long-lasting (5-7 h) fasciculations. Homogenates of diaphragm, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles from mice injected with fasciculins showed a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity by 45-60% compared to muscles from control animals. Histochemical staining revealed a greatly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity at neuromuscular junctions. Fasciculins have 61 amino acid residues and four disulfides. The molecular weights are 6765 (fasciculin 1) and 6735 (fasciculin 2). The sequences of the two toxins differ probably only at one position by a replacement of Tyr with Asp/Asn. 1 g of venom contained about 40 mg of fasciculins, 2/3 of which was fasciculin 2. A similar inhibitor has also been isolated from D. polylepis (black mamba) venom. The sequence of fasciculin 2 is known. Most of the positive charges are concentrated in a small section of the central part of the molecule, and most of the negative charges are in the C-terminal region. Fasciculins appear to have a pronounced dipole character. Fasciculin binds to the peripheral anionic site, since it can displace propidium, a probe for that site, from acetylcholinesterase. In vitro, in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 2 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4), fasciculin 2 inhibits acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C), rat muscle (Ki = 1.2 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C) and Electrophorus electricus (Ki = 3.0 X 10(-10) M, 22 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 6530667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MUNGAI DRMBUGUAPAUL. "
Karlsson E and Mbugua P M (1984): Isolation of anticholinesterase toxins in snake venoms LKB Appl. Note 353.". In:
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Society (FACSS) XV, Boston, November 1988. AWC and FES; 1984.
AbstractTwo toxins that are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase have been isolated from the venom of the green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps. The toxins have been called fasciculins since after injection into mice (i.p. 0.5-3 micrograms/g body weight) they cause severe, generalized and long-lasting (5-7 h) fasciculations. Homogenates of diaphragm, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles from mice injected with fasciculins showed a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity by 45-60% compared to muscles from control animals. Histochemical staining revealed a greatly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity at neuromuscular junctions. Fasciculins have 61 amino acid residues and four disulfides. The molecular weights are 6765 (fasciculin 1) and 6735 (fasciculin 2). The sequences of the two toxins differ probably only at one position by a replacement of Tyr with Asp/Asn. 1 g of venom contained about 40 mg of fasciculins, 2/3 of which was fasciculin 2. A similar inhibitor has also been isolated from D. polylepis (black mamba) venom. The sequence of fasciculin 2 is known. Most of the positive charges are concentrated in a small section of the central part of the molecule, and most of the negative charges are in the C-terminal region. Fasciculins appear to have a pronounced dipole character. Fasciculin binds to the peripheral anionic site, since it can displace propidium, a probe for that site, from acetylcholinesterase. In vitro, in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 2 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4), fasciculin 2 inhibits acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C), rat muscle (Ki = 1.2 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C) and Electrophorus electricus (Ki = 3.0 X 10(-10) M, 22 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 6530667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MUNGAI DRMBUGUAPAUL. "
Karlsson E Mbugua P M and Rodriguez-Ithurralde D (1984): Fasculins, anticholinesterase toxins from the venom of the green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps J. Physiol., Paris 79 232.". In:
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Society (FACSS) XV, Boston, November 1988. AWC and FES; 1984.
AbstractTwo toxins that are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase have been isolated from the venom of the green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps. The toxins have been called fasciculins since after injection into mice (i.p. 0.5-3 micrograms/g body weight) they cause severe, generalized and long-lasting (5-7 h) fasciculations. Homogenates of diaphragm, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles from mice injected with fasciculins showed a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity by 45-60% compared to muscles from control animals. Histochemical staining revealed a greatly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity at neuromuscular junctions. Fasciculins have 61 amino acid residues and four disulfides. The molecular weights are 6765 (fasciculin 1) and 6735 (fasciculin 2). The sequences of the two toxins differ probably only at one position by a replacement of Tyr with Asp/Asn. 1 g of venom contained about 40 mg of fasciculins, 2/3 of which was fasciculin 2. A similar inhibitor has also been isolated from D. polylepis (black mamba) venom. The sequence of fasciculin 2 is known. Most of the positive charges are concentrated in a small section of the central part of the molecule, and most of the negative charges are in the C-terminal region. Fasciculins appear to have a pronounced dipole character. Fasciculin binds to the peripheral anionic site, since it can displace propidium, a probe for that site, from acetylcholinesterase. In vitro, in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 2 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4), fasciculin 2 inhibits acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C), rat muscle (Ki = 1.2 X 10(-10) M, 37 degrees C) and Electrophorus electricus (Ki = 3.0 X 10(-10) M, 22 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 6530667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MUNGAI DRMBUGUAPAUL. "
Karlsson E Mbugua P M and Rodriguez-Ithurralde D (1985): Anticholinesterase toxins. Pharm. Ther. 30 : 259.". In:
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Society (FACSS) XV, Boston, November 1988. AWC and FES; 1985.
AbstractAnderson AJ, Harvey AL, Mbugua PM.
Fasciculin 2, a polypeptide from green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) venom, causes an increase in the twitch response of mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations to indirect stimulation. Intracellular recording reveals that fasciculin 2 augments neuromuscular transmission by increasing the amplitude and duration of endplate potentials. Its action is not reversed by washing. Interactions with neostigmine confirm that fasciculin 2 acts as an anticholinesterase. It has no presynaptic actions on transmitter release or postsynaptic receptor blocking actions. On chicken muscle preparations, fasciculin 2 has no anticholinesterase actions. Because of this selectivity and its apparent irreversibility, fasciculin 2 should be useful in characterizing different forms of acetylcholinesterase.
PMID: 2986055 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, J. T., Okeyo A. M., Kaitho, R., Wollny, C. , Drucker, A. and Rege, J.E.O. (2001). Economic Analysis of Crossbreeding Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Conceptual Framework and Kenyan Case Study. Animal Genetic Resources Research Report No. 2.". In:
In Proceedings of a workshop on ``Food Distribution Networks in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA)" held at the Mayfair Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, August 20th 2002. African Meteorological Society; 2001.
AbstractNo abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, J. T., Stephen K. Wambugu and Willis Oluoch-Kosura (2002) .". In:
In Proceedings of a workshop on ``Food Distribution Networks in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA)" held at the Mayfair Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, August 20th 2002. African Meteorological Society; 2002.
AbstractNo abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, Joseph T. (1990). .". In:
Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of Agricultural Economics, Sacramento, California in August 10-16, 1997. African Meteorological Society; 1990.
AbstractAbstract in Bellamy, M. and B. Greenshields (eds), Issues in Agricultural Development: Sustainability and Cooperation. IAAE Occasional Paper No. 6. Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd, Aldershot.
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, Joseph T. (1992). .". In:
Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of Agricultural Economics, Sacramento, California in August 10-16, 1997. African Meteorological Society; 1992.
AbstractAbstract in Bellamy, M. and B. Greenshields (eds), Issues in Agricultural Development: Sustainability and Cooperation. IAAE Occasional Paper No. 6. Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd, Aldershot.
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, Joseph T. (1997). .". In:
Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of Agricultural Economics, Sacramento, California in August 10-16, 1997. African Meteorological Society; 1997.
AbstractNo abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, Joseph T. (2002). .". In:
In Proceedings of a workshop on ``Food Distribution Networks in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA)" held at the Mayfair Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, August 20th 2002. African Meteorological Society; 2002.
AbstractNo abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
THUO DRKARUGIAJOSEPH. "
Karugia, Joseph T. and Michele Veeman (1998). .". In:
Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of Agricultural Economics, Sacramento, California in August 10-16, 1997. African Meteorological Society; 1997.
AbstractNo abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
K PROFGACHENECHARLESK. "
Karuku G, Gachene CKK and Macharia P. 2006. Soil water behaviour under different cover crops and under different residue management practices. In Jg Muriethi, CKK Gachene, JW Wamuongo and M Eilitta (eds) Enhancing agricultural productivity in East Africa:.". In:
Biological Agricultural & Horticultural Journal, Vol 19(1), 49-62. F.N. kamau, G. N Thothi and I.O Kibwage; 2006.
AbstractA model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters.
WANDAYI PROFOKOTHMICHAEL. "
KARURI, E.G. & OKOTH, M.W. Food packaging and marketing. Paper presented at the seminar on .". In:
International Livestock Research Institute, August, 1997, Nairobi. University of Nairobi.; 1997.
AbstractOperations Research techniques involving modelling a situation or a problem and finding an optimal solution for it. These tools are not designed nor intended to replace managerial decision making, but rather their purpose is to aid in the decision-making process by providing a quantitative basis for decision making. Unfortunately, the proliferation of OR tools in organizational decision making has been lacking, with concerns been expressed about the limited awareness of the business community of OR's potential and capability. Current study was based in the premise that students provide an appropriate avenue, as agent of change, in sensitizing and demonstrating the potential and capacity of OR tools/techniques in resolving various problems, both in public and private sector. Study aimed at evaluating the use of OR as tools of data analysis at MBA level. A sample of 100 MBA research projects undertaken between 2005 and 2007 was randomly selected and their objectives and selected data analysis tools recorded. Where OR tools were not used, the research evaluated if there was a possibility of using OR tools. Results indicated low usage of OR as data analysis, though there was a high potential for the use of OR tools.
WANDAYI PROFOKOTHMICHAEL. "
KARURI, E.G. & OKOTH, M.W. Food plant design and management. Paper presented at the seminar on .". In:
Paper presented at the seminar on . University of Nairobi.; 1997.
AbstractOperations Research techniques involving modelling a situation or a problem and finding an optimal solution for it. These tools are not designed nor intended to replace managerial decision making, but rather their purpose is to aid in the decision-making process by providing a quantitative basis for decision making. Unfortunately, the proliferation of OR tools in organizational decision making has been lacking, with concerns been expressed about the limited awareness of the business community of OR's potential and capability. Current study was based in the premise that students provide an appropriate avenue, as agent of change, in sensitizing and demonstrating the potential and capacity of OR tools/techniques in resolving various problems, both in public and private sector. Study aimed at evaluating the use of OR as tools of data analysis at MBA level. A sample of 100 MBA research projects undertaken between 2005 and 2007 was randomly selected and their objectives and selected data analysis tools recorded. Where OR tools were not used, the research evaluated if there was a possibility of using OR tools. Results indicated low usage of OR as data analysis, though there was a high potential for the use of OR tools.
GICHOHI PROFKARURIEDWARD. "
Karuri, E.G., Mbugua,S.K., Karugia, J., Wanda, K. and Jagwe, J., 2001. Marketing Opportunities for cassava based products: An Assessment of the Industrial Potential in Kenya. FOODNET.". In:
Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, Vol.2, issue 2: 76-84. Kisipan, M.L.; 2001.
AbstractObjective: To determine the pattern of breast disease at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)
Study design: Retrospective descriptive study
Study setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, a University teaching and National Referral Hospital
Patients: Records of 1172 patients were reviewed.
Results: An average 469 new patients per year or 11 new patients per clinic visit were seen at the clinic over a two and a half year period. Females predominated (98.9%) in this series. The mean age was 34.71 years (range 1 to 96 years). The average age at menarche was 14.49 years and the mean duration of symptoms was 6.86 months. Only 2.6% of 843 patients had a positive family history of breast disease. Fibroadenoma was the commonest diagnosis made (33.2%) followed by ductal carcinoma (19.7%). Gynaecomastia was the most common lesion seen in males. Two thirds of patients presenting with tumors had masses measuring more than 5cm. Overall five conditions (fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma, breast abscesses, fibrocystic disease and mastalgia) accounted for over 85% of all breast ailments. Surgery formed the main stay of care in over 80% of patients.
Conclusions: The pattern of breast diseases at KNH closely mirrors those reported in other studies in the region and beyond. This study indicates that a large proportion of patients presenting with breast disease are treated initially by surgery. It may be wise to consider other alternative forms of therapy where appropriate.
The Annals of African Surgery: 2008 June; Vol 2, pg 97-101.
WANDAYI PROFOKOTHMICHAEL. "
KARURI, E.G.; OKOTH, M.W. AND KEYA, E.L. Industrial training for Food Science and Technology Students. In: Food Science Subject Meeting Report (Ed. By S.K. Mbugua & M.W. Okoth), pp.65-67, Inter-University Council of East Africa, August 27031, 1990, Arusha.". In:
Food Science Subject Meeting Report (Ed. By S.K. Mbugua & M.W. Okoth), pp.65-67, Inter-University Council of East Africa, August 27031, 1990, Arusha. University of Nairobi.; 1990.
AbstractOperations Research techniques involving modelling a situation or a problem and finding an optimal solution for it. These tools are not designed nor intended to replace managerial decision making, but rather their purpose is to aid in the decision-making process by providing a quantitative basis for decision making. Unfortunately, the proliferation of OR tools in organizational decision making has been lacking, with concerns been expressed about the limited awareness of the business community of OR's potential and capability. Current study was based in the premise that students provide an appropriate avenue, as agent of change, in sensitizing and demonstrating the potential and capacity of OR tools/techniques in resolving various problems, both in public and private sector. Study aimed at evaluating the use of OR as tools of data analysis at MBA level. A sample of 100 MBA research projects undertaken between 2005 and 2007 was randomly selected and their objectives and selected data analysis tools recorded. Where OR tools were not used, the research evaluated if there was a possibility of using OR tools. Results indicated low usage of OR as data analysis, though there was a high potential for the use of OR tools.
O. PROFANZALAAGGREY. "
Karuru JW, Lule GN, Joshi M, Anzala O.Prevalence of HCV and HCV/HIV co-infection among in-patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J. 2005 Apr;82(4):170-2.". In:
East Afr Med J. 2005 Apr;82(4):170-2. John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2005.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HCV and HCV/HIV co-infection among medical in-patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, a tertiary referral and teaching hospital, in-patient department SUBJECTS: HIV/AIDS and HIV negative in-patients at KNH medical wards. RESULTS: Among 458 HIV/AIDS medical in-patients, the prevalence of HCV was 3.7% while in the 518 HIV negative patients, it was 4.4%. The prevalence of co-infection with HCV and HIV was 3.7%. The incidence of risk factors in persons with HCV and/or HIV infection(s) was low. CONCLUSION: This study found the prevalence of HCV infection among medical in-patients to be similar in HIV positive and HIV negative group of patients. The co-infection rates were low, as were the risk factors for transmission of these infections.
O. PROFANZALAAGGREY. "
Karuru JW, Lule GN, Joshi M, Anzala O.Prevalence of HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection among volunteer blood donors and VCT clients.East Afr Med J. 2005 Apr;82(4):166-9.". In:
East Afr Med J. 2005 Apr;82(4):166-9. John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2005.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HCV infection and HCV/HIV co-infection among voluntary blood donors at the National Blood Transfusion Centre and clients at the Kenyatta National Hospital HIV-Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Centre. DESIGN: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, a tertiary referral and teaching hospital and the National Blood Transfusion Services Centre, Nairobi. SUBJECTS: Volunteer blood donors and VCT attendants. RESULTS: The prevalence of HCV/HIV co-infection among 6154 blood donors in the NBTSC was very low, at 0.02. The HIV prevalence among the 353 KNH HIV-VCT clients was 9.3%, none of the clients tested positive for HCV. The incidence of risk factors in the persons with HCV and/or HIV infection(s) was low. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HCV infection among pre-screened volunteer blood donors was low. However the current practice of screening all donated blood for HCV remains indispensable to prevent its transmission to blood recipients.
John HPH. "
Kasheshe la Mji.". In:
Mimba Ingali Mimba. Focus Publishers; 2006.
M. PROFKYAMBIJ. "
Kasili EG, Kyambi JM, Onyango JN Treatment of childhood malignancies in Kenya.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1984 Sep;61(9):663-74. East African Orthopaedic Journal; 1984.
AbstractIn this retrospective study carried out covering the period, 1978-1991, 62 neonates were seen, diagnosed and treated for intestinal atresia which included: duodenal atresia and stenosis, small bowel atresia and atresia of large bowel. Locations of obstruction were duodenal in 17 patients, jejunal in 25 patients, jejuno-ileal in 5 and colon in two. Duodenal atresia was noted in 9 infants and duodenal stenosis due to annular pancreas, Ladd's bands with malrotation of bowel in 8. Associated anomalies which were observed were anorectal malformations in 2 and malrotation in 2 infants. Birth weights ranged from 1450 gm to 3000 gm. Prematurity was recorded in 11 infants. Diagnosis of intestinal atresia in our patients was made clinically and radiologically. Intestinal atresia in neonates was differentiated from other causes of obstruction such as Meconium Ileus, Hirschsprung's disease, neonatal volvulus, rectal atresia in anorectal malformations. Treatment of infants with intestinal atresia was surgical. Surgical techniques used depended on pathological findings. In 36 patients, complications such as functional obstructions with vomiting and failure to thrive, malabsorption, aspiration, bronchopneumonia, sepsis were observed. Overall mortality rate in our cases was 25 (41.9%) out of 62 patients.
M. PROFKYAMBIJ. "
Kasili EG, Kyambi JM, Onyango JN, Kitonyi GW, Owade JN, Njenga GJ.Nephroblastoma: an example of cancer curable by appropriate intervention even in developing countries.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1987 Dec;64(12):828-35. East African Orthopaedic Journal; 1987.
AbstractIn this retrospective study carried out covering the period, 1978-1991, 62 neonates were seen, diagnosed and treated for intestinal atresia which included: duodenal atresia and stenosis, small bowel atresia and atresia of large bowel. Locations of obstruction were duodenal in 17 patients, jejunal in 25 patients, jejuno-ileal in 5 and colon in two. Duodenal atresia was noted in 9 infants and duodenal stenosis due to annular pancreas, Ladd's bands with malrotation of bowel in 8. Associated anomalies which were observed were anorectal malformations in 2 and malrotation in 2 infants. Birth weights ranged from 1450 gm to 3000 gm. Prematurity was recorded in 11 infants. Diagnosis of intestinal atresia in our patients was made clinically and radiologically. Intestinal atresia in neonates was differentiated from other causes of obstruction such as Meconium Ileus, Hirschsprung's disease, neonatal volvulus, rectal atresia in anorectal malformations. Treatment of infants with intestinal atresia was surgical. Surgical techniques used depended on pathological findings. In 36 patients, complications such as functional obstructions with vomiting and failure to thrive, malabsorption, aspiration, bronchopneumonia, sepsis were observed. Overall mortality rate in our cases was 25 (41.9%) out of 62 patients.
A. PROFWAMOLAISAAC. "
Kasili, WAMOLA I.A, Pamba, Shiramba and Broakman. Various Pathological Manifestations of Leprosy .". In:
EAMJ 56:59 (1979). IBIMA Publishing; 1979.
AbstractA study that devised a modified method of reporting antibiotic sensitivity results was undertaken. Enterobacteriaceae and Gram positive cocci were tested for drug sensitivity by a disc diffusion method. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition were measured, dividing the isolates into four groups: the highly sensitive, the moderately sensitive, the slightly sensitive and the resistant ones. The slightly sensitive isolates were taken as indicators of antibiotic resistance acquisition. By that system, when more than 50% of the isolates fell into the slightly and resistant groups, that meant that the antibiotic concerned would be discontinued for some time until the bacteria reverted to being moderately sensitive. The study also provided a method of making antibiotic discs from local blotting papers, and a sample of a form on which antibiotic sensitivity results could be recorded was presented. The method is considered to be easy and very appropriate for developing countries in detecting gradual and abrupt acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria.
OMOLO PROFWANGOEMMANUEL. "
Kasilima Y.S., Wango E.O., Kigondu C.S., Mutayoba B.M. and Nyindo M.(2004). Plasma bioactive LH and testosterone in male New Zealand rabbits experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Tropica,92,165-172.". In:
Biennial Conference. Faculty of Vet. Medicine. EM Ngatia, LW Gathece, FG Macigo, TK Mulli, LN Mutara, EG Wagaiyu.; 2004.
AbstractAlthough a relationship between Lapiat and post-Lapita ceramic traditions has long been suspected, a systematic and detailed examination of the similarities and differences has not been previously made. An important first step is to determine the nature of change from one to the other by examining pottery from sites which have the full ceramic sequence. My analyses of the assemblages from Manus and New Island demonstrate continuity between the two traditions.
OMOLO PROFWANGOEMMANUEL. "
Kasilima Y.S., Wango E.O., Mutayoba B.M., Kigondu C.S., Winga J., Odongo H. and Nyindo M. (1997). Schistosoma mansoni-New Zealand rabbit model: Effects on plasma testosterone levels.". In:
15th Tanzanian Veterinary Association Scientific Conference, Arusha, 2nd. EM Ngatia, LW Gathece, FG Macigo, TK Mulli, LN Mutara, EG Wagaiyu.; 1997.
AbstractSUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
OMOLO PROFWANGOEMMANUEL. "
Kasilima Y.S., Wango E.O., Mutayoba B.M., Sekadde-Kigondu C.,Mola P., Winga J and Odongo H. (1997). Schistosoma mansoni New Zealand rabbit model: Effects on plasma testosterone levels. Tanz. Vet.J.,17, 148-158.". In:
Biennial Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Advances in Veterinary Education and Animal Sciences. 5th. EM Ngatia, LW Gathece, FG Macigo, TK Mulli, LN Mutara, EG Wagaiyu.; 1997.
AbstractSUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
S PROFKIGONDUCHRISTINE. "
Kasilima Y.S., Wango E.O., Mutayoba B.M., Sekadde-Kigondu C.B., Mola P, Winga J, Odongo H. Schistosoma Mansoni. New Zealand Rabit - Model. Effect on Plasma Testosterone levels. Tanzanian Vet J. Vol 17, 148, 1997.". In:
Tanzanian Vet J. Vol 17, 148, 1997. uon press; 1997.
AbstractAga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF.
S PROFKIGONDUCHRISTINE. "
Kasilima YS, Wango EO, Kigondu CS, Mutayoba BM, Nyindo M. Plasma bioactive LH and testosterone profiles in male New Zealand rabbits experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop. 2004 Nov-Dec;92(3):165-72.". In:
Acta Trop. 2004 Nov-Dec;92(3):165-72. uon press; 2004.
AbstractDepartment of Animal Physiology, Reproductive Biology Unit, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. The effects of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection on plasma levels of bioactive luteinising hormone (LH) and testosterone in the New Zealand rabbit model were studied. S. mansoni infection significantly decreased the pulse frequency (P < 0.05), amplitude (P < 0.05), area under LH curve (P < 0.05) and mean plasma LH concentrations (P < 0.05) on days 42 and 70 post-infection, as compared to values for day 14 pre-infection. Areas under the response curves for plasma testosterone levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) on days 42 and 70 post-infection in infected animals compared to day 14 pre-infection. In the praziquantel-treated group, the levels of LH and testosterone remained unchanged throughout the experimental period. The pulsatile secretion of LH was completely inhibited in S. mansoni-infected animals 70 days post-infection. These results suggest that the effects on reproductive gonadal hormones caused by S. mansoni in the rabbit model may partly be induced by alteration in pituitary synthesis or release of LH.
MBURU DRJOHNIRUNGU. "
Kasina J.M., J. Mburu, M. Kraemer and K. Holm-Mueller (2009). Economic Benefit of Crop Pollination by Bees: A Case of Kakamega Small-Holder Farming in Western Kenya. Journal of Economic Entomology 102(2): 467-473 (2009).". In:
Journal of Economic Entomology 102(2): 467-473 (2009). Ogutu J.O; 2009.
AbstractThe vision of the Government of Kenya is to facilitate ICT as a universal tool for education and training. In order to achieve this vision every educational institution, teacher, learner and the respective community should be equipped with appropriate ICT infrastructure, competencies and policies for usage and progress. It calls for recognition of the fact that ICT provides capabilities and skills needed for a knowledge-based economy. It also calls for transforming teaching and learning to incorporate new pedagogies that are appropriate for the 21st century.
The Ministry of Education�s (MOE) mission is to facilitate effective use of ICT to improve access, learning and administration in delivery education programmes and services. The principal objective will be to integrate ICT in the delivery of education and training curricula. XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O />
Although not exhaustive, the range of ICT that have been used in the delivery of education to improve access, teaching, learning, and administration includes: Electric Board, Audio Cassette, Radio for Interactive Radio Instructions (IRI), Video/TV-Learning, Computer, Integrated ICT infrastructure and Support Application Systems (SAS).These systems are in use, at various degrees, in most parts of Africa (Charp, 1998). This plan envisages use ofthese digital components to improve access and quality in the delivery of education in Kenya.
The major challenge in respect to this component is limited digital equipment at virtually all levels of education. While the average access rate is one computer to 15 students in most of the developed countries, the access rate in Kenya is approximately one computer to 150 students (EMIS, 2005).
Whereas most secondary schools in Kenya have some computer equipment, only a small fraction is equipped with basic ICT infrastructure. In most cases equipment of schools with ICT infrastructure has been through initiatives supported by the parents, government, development agencies and the private sector, including the NEPAD E-Schools programme. Attempts to set up basic ICT infrastructure in primary schools are almost negligible.
According to ICTs in Education Options Paper, one of the main problems is limited penetration of the physical telecommunication infrastructure into rural and low-income areas. Specifically, the main challenge is limited access to dedicated phone lines and high-speed systems or connectivity to access e-mail and Internet resources.
The EMIS Survey (2003/2004) indicated that over 70% of secondary schools and a much larger proportion of primary schools require functional telephones. Indeed, many parts of Kenya cannot easily get Internet services because of the poor telephone networks. About 90% of secondary schools need to establish standard Local Area Networks (LANs) in order to improve sharing of learning resources.
Alternative and appropriate technologies for access to Internet resources, including wireless systems remain quite expensive. Indeed, a small proportion of schools have direct access, through Internet Service Providers (ISPs), to high-speed data and communication systems.
Furthermore, very few schools in the rural areas use wireless technology such as VSAT to access e-mail and Internet resources. Nearly all of the 6 NEPAD e-Schools are in rural areas and are expected to enjoy internet connectivity through VSAT technology.
While other countries have reported up to 41% of integration of ICT to teaching and learning, the proportion remains substantially low in Africa, Kenya included. Integration aims at the use ICT to support teaching and learning in the delivery of the various curricula to achieve improved education outcomes. Because ICT is interactive media, it facilitates students to develop diversified skills needed for industrialization and a knowledge-based economy. It also allows teachers and learners to proceed at different paces depending on the prevailing circumstances.
As a first step, the Ministry of Education has initiated a major ICT project in Secondary schools meant to equip over 200 secondary schools with ICT infrastructure for integration of ICT in teaching/learning process ( KESSP, 2004). Three schools have been chosen in every district of Kenya.
MBURU DRJOHNIRUNGU. "
Kasina M., J. Mburu., M. Kraemer and K. Holm-M.". In:
Journal of Economic Entomology (forthcoming in April issue). Ogutu J.O; 2009.
AbstractThe vision of the Government of Kenya is to facilitate ICT as a universal tool for education and training. In order to achieve this vision every educational institution, teacher, learner and the respective community should be equipped with appropriate ICT infrastructure, competencies and policies for usage and progress. It calls for recognition of the fact that ICT provides capabilities and skills needed for a knowledge-based economy. It also calls for transforming teaching and learning to incorporate new pedagogies that are appropriate for the 21st century.
The Ministry of Education�s (MOE) mission is to facilitate effective use of ICT to improve access, learning and administration in delivery education programmes and services. The principal objective will be to integrate ICT in the delivery of education and training curricula. XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O />
Although not exhaustive, the range of ICT that have been used in the delivery of education to improve access, teaching, learning, and administration includes: Electric Board, Audio Cassette, Radio for Interactive Radio Instructions (IRI), Video/TV-Learning, Computer, Integrated ICT infrastructure and Support Application Systems (SAS).These systems are in use, at various degrees, in most parts of Africa (Charp, 1998). This plan envisages use ofthese digital components to improve access and quality in the delivery of education in Kenya.
The major challenge in respect to this component is limited digital equipment at virtually all levels of education. While the average access rate is one computer to 15 students in most of the developed countries, the access rate in Kenya is approximately one computer to 150 students (EMIS, 2005).
Whereas most secondary schools in Kenya have some computer equipment, only a small fraction is equipped with basic ICT infrastructure. In most cases equipment of schools with ICT infrastructure has been through initiatives supported by the parents, government, development agencies and the private sector, including the NEPAD E-Schools programme. Attempts to set up basic ICT infrastructure in primary schools are almost negligible.
According to ICTs in Education Options Paper, one of the main problems is limited penetration of the physical telecommunication infrastructure into rural and low-income areas. Specifically, the main challenge is limited access to dedicated phone lines and high-speed systems or connectivity to access e-mail and Internet resources.
The EMIS Survey (2003/2004) indicated that over 70% of secondary schools and a much larger proportion of primary schools require functional telephones. Indeed, many parts of Kenya cannot easily get Internet services because of the poor telephone networks. About 90% of secondary schools need to establish standard Local Area Networks (LANs) in order to improve sharing of learning resources.
Alternative and appropriate technologies for access to Internet resources, including wireless systems remain quite expensive. Indeed, a small proportion of schools have direct access, through Internet Service Providers (ISPs), to high-speed data and communication systems.
Furthermore, very few schools in the rural areas use wireless technology such as VSAT to access e-mail and Internet resources. Nearly all of the 6 NEPAD e-Schools are in rural areas and are expected to enjoy internet connectivity through VSAT technology.
While other countries have reported up to 41% of integration of ICT to teaching and learning, the proportion remains substantially low in Africa, Kenya included. Integration aims at the use ICT to support teaching and learning in the delivery of the various curricula to achieve improved education outcomes. Because ICT is interactive media, it facilitates students to develop diversified skills needed for industrialization and a knowledge-based economy. It also allows teachers and learners to proceed at different paces depending on the prevailing circumstances.
As a first step, the Ministry of Education has initiated a major ICT project in Secondary schools meant to equip over 200 secondary schools with ICT infrastructure for integration of ICT in teaching/learning process ( KESSP, 2004). Three schools have been chosen in every district of Kenya.
MBURU DRJOHNIRUNGU. "
Kasina, M.J., J. Mburu and K. Holm-Mueller, 2008. Measuring economic value of crop pollination service: An empirical application of contingent valuation in Kakamega, Western Kenya: In Payment for Ecosystem Services, chap 6 pp 105-127, Oxford University Pr.". In:
In Payment for Ecosystem Services, chap 6 pp 105-127, Oxford University Press, India. Ogutu J.O; 2008.
AbstractThe vision of the Government of Kenya is to facilitate ICT as a universal tool for education and training. In order to achieve this vision every educational institution, teacher, learner and the respective community should be equipped with appropriate ICT infrastructure, competencies and policies for usage and progress. It calls for recognition of the fact that ICT provides capabilities and skills needed for a knowledge-based economy. It also calls for transforming teaching and learning to incorporate new pedagogies that are appropriate for the 21st century.
The Ministry of Education�s (MOE) mission is to facilitate effective use of ICT to improve access, learning and administration in delivery education programmes and services. The principal objective will be to integrate ICT in the delivery of education and training curricula. XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O />
Although not exhaustive, the range of ICT that have been used in the delivery of education to improve access, teaching, learning, and administration includes: Electric Board, Audio Cassette, Radio for Interactive Radio Instructions (IRI), Video/TV-Learning, Computer, Integrated ICT infrastructure and Support Application Systems (SAS).These systems are in use, at various degrees, in most parts of Africa (Charp, 1998). This plan envisages use ofthese digital components to improve access and quality in the delivery of education in Kenya.
The major challenge in respect to this component is limited digital equipment at virtually all levels of education. While the average access rate is one computer to 15 students in most of the developed countries, the access rate in Kenya is approximately one computer to 150 students (EMIS, 2005).
Whereas most secondary schools in Kenya have some computer equipment, only a small fraction is equipped with basic ICT infrastructure. In most cases equipment of schools with ICT infrastructure has been through initiatives supported by the parents, government, development agencies and the private sector, including the NEPAD E-Schools programme. Attempts to set up basic ICT infrastructure in primary schools are almost negligible.
According to ICTs in Education Options Paper, one of the main problems is limited penetration of the physical telecommunication infrastructure into rural and low-income areas. Specifically, the main challenge is limited access to dedicated phone lines and high-speed systems or connectivity to access e-mail and Internet resources.
The EMIS Survey (2003/2004) indicated that over 70% of secondary schools and a much larger proportion of primary schools require functional telephones. Indeed, many parts of Kenya cannot easily get Internet services because of the poor telephone networks. About 90% of secondary schools need to establish standard Local Area Networks (LANs) in order to improve sharing of learning resources.
Alternative and appropriate technologies for access to Internet resources, including wireless systems remain quite expensive. Indeed, a small proportion of schools have direct access, through Internet Service Providers (ISPs), to high-speed data and communication systems.
Furthermore, very few schools in the rural areas use wireless technology such as VSAT to access e-mail and Internet resources. Nearly all of the 6 NEPAD e-Schools are in rural areas and are expected to enjoy internet connectivity through VSAT technology.
While other countries have reported up to 41% of integration of ICT to teaching and learning, the proportion remains substantially low in Africa, Kenya included. Integration aims at the use ICT to support teaching and learning in the delivery of the various curricula to achieve improved education outcomes. Because ICT is interactive media, it facilitates students to develop diversified skills needed for industrialization and a knowledge-based economy. It also allows teachers and learners to proceed at different paces depending on the prevailing circumstances.
As a first step, the Ministry of Education has initiated a major ICT project in Secondary schools meant to equip over 200 secondary schools with ICT infrastructure for integration of ICT in teaching/learning process ( KESSP, 2004). Three schools have been chosen in every district of Kenya.
BISHAR DRALASOWKASSIM. "
Kassim BA, Noor MA, Chindia ML.Oral health status among Kenyans in a rural arid setting: dental caries experience and knowledge on its causes.East Afr Med J. 2006 Feb;83(2):100-5.". In:
East Afr Med J. 2006 Feb;83(2):100-5. Korean Society of Crop Science and Springer; 2006.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the dental caries experience and knowledge on the causes and preventive measures for dental diseases. DESIGN: A community based cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Elwak sub-district hospital, North Eastern Province, Kenya. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty one adults who presented themselves during a dental check up at a sub-district hospital and gave written consent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dental caries status and knowledge on its causes and preventive measures. The importance of outreach programmes in obtaining information as well as helping to alleviate the pain and suffering caused by dental diseases among communities living in remote areas is also revealed. RESULTS: Of the one hundred and forty one individuals, who were included in the study, 63.1% were women and 36.9% were men. Their ages ranged between 18 and over 65 years. 41.1% were in the 18-24-year age bracket. Regarding the oral health knowledge, 43% did not know any causes of dental diseases while 36%, 17% and 12% knew that diet, "dirt" on teeth and bacteria were possible causes, respectively. Fifty percent did not know any preventive measures for dental diseases while the rest indicated abstention from the consumption of sugary foods; and only 0.8% mentioned use of fluoridated toothpaste as a preventive measure for dental caries. 56.7% of the subjects were caries free. The mean DMFT for all ages was 3.4. Of those with caries 72.1% were women. CONCLUSION: There is a low level of oral health awareness and a moderately high level of dental caries experience in this community with women apparently carrying the biggest burden of dental caries.
J PROFCHINDIAMARK. "
Kassim BA, Noor MA, Chindia ML.Oral health status among Kenyans in a rural arid setting: dental caries experience and knowledge on its causes.East Afr Med J. 2006 Feb;83(2):100-5.". In:
East Afr Med J. 2006 Feb;83(2):100-5. Hekima III (1) 27-42; 2006.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the dental caries experience and knowledge on the causes and preventive measures for dental diseases. DESIGN: A community based cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Elwak sub-district hospital, North Eastern Province, Kenya. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty one adults who presented themselves during a dental check up at a sub-district hospital and gave written consent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dental caries status and knowledge on its causes and preventive measures. The importance of outreach programmes in obtaining information as well as helping to alleviate the pain and suffering caused by dental diseases among communities living in remote areas is also revealed. RESULTS: Of the one hundred and forty one individuals, who were included in the study, 63.1% were women and 36.9% were men. Their ages ranged between 18 and over 65 years. 41.1% were in the 18-24-year age bracket. Regarding the oral health knowledge, 43% did not know any causes of dental diseases while 36%, 17% and 12% knew that diet, "dirt" on teeth and bacteria were possible causes, respectively. Fifty percent did not know any preventive measures for dental diseases while the rest indicated abstention from the consumption of sugary foods; and only 0.8% mentioned use of fluoridated toothpaste as a preventive measure for dental caries. 56.7% of the subjects were caries free. The mean DMFT for all ages was 3.4. Of those with caries 72.1% were women. CONCLUSION: There is a low level of oral health awareness and a moderately high level of dental caries experience in this community with women apparently carrying the biggest burden of dental caries.
MARY DROMOSA. "
Katumanga, M. & M. Omosa (Forthcoming) and Navigating Realities. In: P. Wanyande; M. Omosa & L. Chweya [Eds] GovernLeadership and the Politics of Nation State: Searching for a Vision, Balancing Interests ance and Transition Politics in Kenya. Nairobi: Uni.". In:
GovernLeadership and the Politics of Nation State: Searching for a Vision, Balancing Interests ance and Transition Politics in Kenya. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press. Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences(PMMS); Forthcoming.
AbstractDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The relative bioavailabilities of three carbamazepine tablet formulations available in the Kenyan market (Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Lincoln) compared with the innovator formulation (Tegretol(R)) were evaluated in seven healthy African volunteers (5 males, two females; aged 22-36 years), according to a randomised fourway crossover study design, following oral administration of single 200 mg doses with a three week washout period. In vitro dissolution profiles of the tablets were also evaluated. Relative bioavailabilities ((F)rel) of Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Linocoln were 101.2%, 82.2% and 71.6% respectively, compared with Tegretol(R). Percent drug content dissolved in vitro after I hour were 91.3%, 75.9% and 39.3% for Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Lincoln, respectively. It was concluded that Temporal(R) was bioequivalent to Tegretol(R) while Taver(R) and Carbamazepin Lincoln were bioinequivalent to Tegretol(R). Administration of Taver(R) or Carbamazepine Lincoln might lead to poor control of epileptic seizures.
NJAGI DRCHOMBAEPHANTUS. "
Kaul R, Dong T, Plummer FA, Kimani J, Rostron T, Kiama P, Njagi E, Irungu E, Farah B, Oyugi J, Chakraborty R, MacDonald KS, Bwayo JJ, McMichael A, Rowland-Jones SL.CD8(+) lymphocytes respond to different HIV epitopes in seronegative and infected subjects.". In:
J Clin Invest 2001 May;107(10):1303-10. African Wildlife Foundation. Nairobi; 2001.
AbstractAmong 446 sera from prostitutes in Nairobi, the prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rose from 4% in 1981 to 61% in 1985. None of 118 men with chancroid seen in 1980 had antibody to HIV compared with 15% of 107 such men in 1985. Among pregnant women, 2.0% were seropositive in 1985 versus none of 111 in 1981. Seropositive prostitutes and women with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) tended to have more sex partners and had a higher prevalence of gonorrhoea, and in women with STDs, significantly more seropositive women practiced prostitution. Pregnant women and men with STDs who were born in the most-western region of Kenya were more likely to have antibody to HIV than were such groups from other geographic areas. Our results indicate that the AIDS virus was recently introduced into Kenya, that HIV can rapidly disseminate in a high-risk group of heterosexuals, and that prostitutes may have significantly contributed to the spread of the virus.
NJAGI DRCHOMBAEPHANTUS. "
Kaul R, Plummer FA, Kimani J, Dong T, Kiama P, Rostron T, Njagi E, MacDonald KS, Bwayo JJ, McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL.HIV-1-specific mucosal CD8+ lymphocyte responses in the cervix of HIV-1-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi. J Immunol 2000 Feb 1;164(3).". In:
J Immunol 2000 Feb 1;164(3):1602-11. African Wildlife Foundation. Nairobi; 2000.
AbstractAmong 446 sera from prostitutes in Nairobi, the prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rose from 4% in 1981 to 61% in 1985. None of 118 men with chancroid seen in 1980 had antibody to HIV compared with 15% of 107 such men in 1985. Among pregnant women, 2.0% were seropositive in 1985 versus none of 111 in 1981. Seropositive prostitutes and women with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) tended to have more sex partners and had a higher prevalence of gonorrhoea, and in women with STDs, significantly more seropositive women practiced prostitution. Pregnant women and men with STDs who were born in the most-western region of Kenya were more likely to have antibody to HIV than were such groups from other geographic areas. Our results indicate that the AIDS virus was recently introduced into Kenya, that HIV can rapidly disseminate in a high-risk group of heterosexuals, and that prostitutes may have significantly contributed to the spread of the virus.
W. PROFJAOKOGODFREY, JOSHUA DRKIMANI. "
Kaul R, Rebbapragada A, Hirbod T, Wachihi C, Ball TB, Plummer FA, Kimani J, Jaoko W.Genital levels of soluble immune factors with anti-HIV activity may correlate with increased HIV susceptibility.AIDS. 2008 Oct 1;22(15):2049-51.". In:
AIDS. 2008 Oct 1;22(15):2049-51. AIDS 24(6):891-7; 2008.
AbstractBACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is common and has been associated with increased HIV-1 susceptibility. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for BV in African women at high risk for acquiring HIV-1. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study among 151 HIV-1-seronegative Kenyan female sex workers. Nonpregnant women were eligible if they did not have symptoms of abnormal vaginal itching or discharge at the time of enrollment. At monthly follow-up, a vaginal examination and laboratory testing for genital tract infections were performed. Multivariate Andersen-Gill proportional hazards analysis was used to identify correlates of BV. RESULTS: Participants completed a median of 378 (interquartile range 350-412) days of follow-up. Compared with women reporting no vaginal washing, those who reported vaginal washing 1 to 14 [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88-1.89], 15 to 28 (aHR 1.60, 95% CI 0.98-2.61), and >28 times/wk (aHR 2.39, 95% CI 1.35-4.23) were at increased risk of BV. Higher BV incidence was also associated with the use of cloth for intravaginal cleansing (aHR 1.48, 95% CI 1.06-2.08) and with recent unprotected intercourse (aHR 1.75, 95% CI 1.47-2.08). Women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception were at lower risk for BV (aHR 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.73). CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal washing and unprotected intercourse were associated with increased risk of BV. These findings could help to inform the development of novel vaginal health approaches for HIV-1 risk reduction in women.
NJAGI DRCHOMBAEPHANTUS. "
Kaul R, Rowland-Jones SL, Kimani J, Dong T, Yang HB, Kiama P, Rostron T, Njagi E, Bwayo JJ, MacDonald KS, McMichael AJ, Plummer FA. Late seroconversion in HIV-resistant Nairobi prostitutes despite pre-existing HIV-specific CD8+ responses. J Clin Invest 20.". In:
J Clin Invest 2001 Feb;107. African Wildlife Foundation. Nairobi; 2001.
AbstractAmong 446 sera from prostitutes in Nairobi, the prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rose from 4% in 1981 to 61% in 1985. None of 118 men with chancroid seen in 1980 had antibody to HIV compared with 15% of 107 such men in 1985. Among pregnant women, 2.0% were seropositive in 1985 versus none of 111 in 1981. Seropositive prostitutes and women with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) tended to have more sex partners and had a higher prevalence of gonorrhoea, and in women with STDs, significantly more seropositive women practiced prostitution. Pregnant women and men with STDs who were born in the most-western region of Kenya were more likely to have antibody to HIV than were such groups from other geographic areas. Our results indicate that the AIDS virus was recently introduced into Kenya, that HIV can rapidly disseminate in a high-risk group of heterosexuals, and that prostitutes may have significantly contributed to the spread of the virus.
JAMEELA PROFHASSANALI. "
KAVOI, B. & JAMEELA, H. comparative morphometry of the olfactory bulb, tract and stria in the human, dog and goat. Int. J. Morphol., 29(3):939-946, 2011.". In:
E. Afr. Med. J. 1986; 63: 651. International Journal of Morphology; 2011.
AbstractThe decision to pay out earnings or retain dividends has been a subject of debate for many scholars. The effect of dividend on the firm value and cost of capital have been covered in attempt to resolve the dividend puzzle. This research paper tests the applicability of constant dividend model by companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Data was collected from annual reports and share price schedules obtained from Nairobi stock exchange and Capital market Authority for a population of 20 companies that paid dividends consistently from 2002 to 2008. The data was then analyzed by re-computing the dividends that should have been paid if the dividend constant model was applied. This recomputed figure was later compared to the dividend as paid out by the companies thought the years of study. Paired sample t-test statistic was also performed to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two dividend figures. The findings of the research established that the dividend model was not employed by the companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Most firms instead adopted stable and predictable policy where a specific amount of dividend per share each year was paid periodically. In some years there was a slight adjustment of the dividend paid after an increase in earnings, but only by a sustainable amount. The study shows that the relationship between the stock market prices and the dividend paid from the constant dividend model is uneven from one year to another and where there was a relationship it was insignificant. Though a share would be highly priced, a high dividend per share was not always declared.
O. PROFNDINYA-ACHOLAJ. "
Kawango E. Agot, Ndinya-Achola JO,. Kreiss JK, and Weiss NS Risk of HIV-1 in rural Kenya A Comparison of Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men. Epidemiology Volume 15, number 2, March 2004.". In:
Epidemiology Volume 15, number 2, March 2004. IBIMA Publishing; 2004.
AbstractBACKGROUND: Most studies that have found an association between uncircumcised status and infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have compared participants from various demographic backgrounds, among which the prevalence of other risk factors might have varied. We report findings from a study conducted among men within a single ethnic community in which circumcision was dictated by the religious denomination to which the men belonged. METHODS: Of the 1217 eligible men, we included in the analysis 845 who gave blood samples for HIV-1 testing and who were confirmed as either fully circumcised (n = 398) or uncircumcised (n = 447). The seroprevalence of HIV-1 was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: All correlates of HIV-1 prevalence that we measured were distributed similarly between circumcised and uncircumcised men. The seroprevalence of HIV-1 was 30% among the uncircumcised men and 20% among the circumcised men. Among uncircumcised men, HIV-1 seroprevalence was similar between men from circumcising denominations (31%; n = 111) and noncircumcising denominations (30%; n = 336). The crude prevalence ratio for HIV infection associated with not being circumcised was 1.5 (95% confidence interval = 1.2-2.0); and adjustment for other measured risk factors for HIV-1 infection had little impact on this result. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that circumcision is associated with a reduced risk of HIV-1 infection.
OLE PROFMALOIYGEOFFREYM. "
KAY, R.N.B. and MALOIY, G.M.O.(1989) Digestive secretions in camels. In: Seminaire sur la Digestion, la Nutrition at l'alimantation du Dromadaire, ed. J.L. Tisserand, pp. 83-87, Options Mediterranees, Serie A, No. 2.". In:
Proceedings of International Union of Physiological Sciences 17, 335. EAMJ; 1989.
AbstractSerum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination.
OLE PROFMALOIYGEOFFREYM. "
KAY, R.N.B., HOPPE, P. and MALOIY, G.M.O. (1976) Fermentative digestion of food in the Colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos) Experientia 32, 484-487.". In:
Proceedings of the 7th Pan-African Ornithological Congress, p. 17. EAMJ; 1976.
AbstractSerum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination.
OLE PROFMALOIYGEOFFREYM. "
KAYANJA, F.I.B. and MALOIY, G.M.O. (1975) The fine structure of the intestinal epithelium of Tilapia grahami.Anatomic Anzeger 138, 451-462.". In:
Proceedings of the 7th Pan-African Ornithological Congress, p. 17. EAMJ; 1975.
AbstractSerum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima J.K, Otieno L.S, McLigeyo S.O, Kyobe J. Platelet function in nephrotic syndrome patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J. 1990 Feb;67(2):109-12.". In:
East African Medical Journal, 67(6): 387-395; 1990. East African Medical Journal.71(4): 253-5; 1994.; 1990.
AbstractPlatelet function was assessed in 40 patients with nephrotic syndrome but without renal failure in order to establish whether or not there is any haemostatic disorder lending to hypercoagulable state. The findings were compared with those from 40 normal controls. There was no clinical evidence of thromboembolic phenomena in the patients. Values for the mean platelet counts and clot retraction were similar (P less than 0.05), whereas significant decrease of platelet adhesiveness (P less than 0.001) as well as prolonged platelet aggregation time (P less than 0.001) were noted. This is different from some reports in literature which have frequently reported enhanced platelet function. There may be a difference in the way platelets metabolise arachidonic acid to potent aggregating agents, in the African patients as compared to patients studied elsewhere. The hypercoagulable state in our nephrotic syndrome may be explained by alterations in other haemostatic parameters rather than in platelet function.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima J.K. Strategies aimed at retarding the progression of renal failure. Medicus, 12:306-309, 1993.". In:
Medicus, 12:306-309, 1993. East African Medical Journal.71(4): 253-5; 1994.; 1993.
AbstractInterest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima J.K. The changing spectrum of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus East African Medical Journal (Editorial), 79: 397-398; 2002.". In:
East African Medical Journal (Editorial), 79: 397-398; 2002 Comment on: East Afr Med J. 2002 Aug;79(8):399-404. Ochieng P. O., McLigeyo S. O., Amayo E. O., Kayima J. K. and Omonge E. O.; 2002.
AbstractBACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance dialysis are predisposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for a number of reasons. In a similar way, the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies among patients on chronic haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis is consistently higher than in healthy populations. There are few published data on these diseases in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV in patients on maintenance dialysis. SETTING: Renal Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, the largest public referral and teaching hospital in Kenya. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. STUDY POPULATION: All 100 patients on maintenance dialysis during the 9-month study period were evaluated. METHOD: The following information was obtained from all the patients: socio-demographic data, date of diagnosis of ESRD and commencement of dialysis, and number of blood transfusions. Additionally, a history suggestive of hepatitis in spouses was looked for and physical examination for tattoos and other scars was carried out. Laboratory investigations included urea, electrolytes and serum creatinine, liver enzymes, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis B core antibody (IgM anti-HBc), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and anti-HCV antibodies. Student's t-test was used to assess the significance of the data collected. RESULTS: The results were expressed as mean (+/- SD). Fifty-seven males and 43 females were studied. Mean age was 44.3 +/- 14.6 years. Ten patients (10%) had elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (> 40 U/l for both). HBsAg was found in 8 patients (8%), IgM anti-HBc in 2%, and HBeAg in none. Anti-HCV antibody was found in 5%. Six of the HBsAg-positive patients were on haemodialysis, the other 2 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). There was no coexistence of HBV and HCV markers. Longer duration of dialysis and the number of blood transfusions were associated with an increased seroprevalence of HBV and HCV. CONCLUSION: There is a low seroprevalence of HBV and HCV in our dialysis population. This should not lead to complaisance in screening for these potentially lethal complications.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima J.K. Utility of mass screening programmes in health.East African Medical Journal(Editorial), 74(8): 465 - 466; 1997.". In:
East African Medical Journal(Editorial), 74(8): 465 - 466; 1997 Comment on: East Afr Med J. 1997 Aug;74(8):467-73. Ochieng P. O., McLigeyo S. O., Amayo E. O., Kayima J. K. and Omonge E. O.; 1997.
AbstractFour hundred and three teenage secondary school students (50.6% males) from two girls' and two boys' Nairobi City Schools, selected by stratified sampling, were screened to determine the prevalence of proteinuria, haematuria, nitrituria and hypertension. Nine students (2.2%) had significant proteinuria while 14 (3.5%) had microscopic haematuria. Two students had combined proteinuria and haematuria. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of proteinuria and/or haematuria between the sexes. Other urinary abnormalities detected were leucocyturia in 14(3.5%) and nitrites in four (1%). Leucocyturia was commonner in females (p = 0.001). Cloudy urinary appearance was significantly associated with the presence of leucocyturia (p = 0.0028) and proteinuria (p = 0.0276). Neither personal history of recurrent sore throat and skin infections nor family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or kidney disease was significantly associated with proteinuria or haematuria. Blood pressure tended to increase with age. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in boys than girls in the age group 15-18 years (P < 0.001). Of the 397 students whose blood pressures were measured, four (1%) were found to be hypertensive. Weight and body mass index were strong positive correlates of blood pressure. The prevalence of proteinuria, haematuria, other urinary abnormalities and hypertension ranges between 1% and 3.5% among teenage secondary school children. The majority are asymptomatic and have no significant associations. It is recommended that routine urinalysis and blood pressure measurements should be part of the school health service so as to identify asymptomatic students who require close monitoring and/or intervention.
O PROFMCLIGEYOSETH. "
Kayima J.K., McLigeyo S.O. The influence of sodium, potassium, calcium, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone on the blood pressure in humans .". In:
review East African Medical Journal, 70(4): 235 - 237; 1993. University of Nairobi.; 1993.
AbstractAutonomic nervous function was assessed in twenty two patients (16 males and 6 females) with chronic renal failure on conservative management. The presenting symptoms were postural dizziness in 10(45%), impotence in 4(18%) patients and 1 patient each with diplopia, urinary urgency and nocturnal diarrhoea. The following autonomic function tests were performed; valsalva manoeuvre, heart rate response to deep breathing, heart rate response to posture and postural change in blood pressure. Fifteen (68%) patients had abnormal autonomic function tests. Out of these patients, 14(93%) had abnormalities of the parasympathetic system and only one had abnormalities in the sympathetic system. There was a negative correlation between the creatinine levels and the following; valsalva ratio (r = -0.72 p < 0.001), heart rate response to standing (r = -0.56 p < 0.01) and heart rate response to deep breathing (r = -0.45 p < 0.05).
W DROMOLOANTHONYJ, W DROMOLOANTHONYJ. "
Kayima J.K., Mcligeyo S.O.., Were A.J.O., Luta M. : Kidney Transplantation: recent medical experiences from Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East African Medical Journal 73:9,1996.". In:
East African Medical Journal 73:9,1996. A Matimba, M Oluka, B Ebeshi, J Sayi, Bolaji, J Del Favero , C Van Broeckhoven, AN Guanta; 1996.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima J.K., Otieno L.S., Gitau W., Mwai S. Thyroid hormone profiles in patients with chronic renal failure on conservative management and regular haemodialysis East African Medical Journal, 69(6): 333-336; 1992.". In:
East African Medical Journal, 69(6): 333-336; 1992. East African Medical Journal.71(4): 253-5; 1994.; 1992.
AbstractPatients with chronic non-thyroid illness (NTI) generally show biochemical features of hypothyroidism despite their being clinically euthyroid. Using assays that employ the antibody coated tubes technique, we measured thyroid hormone levels in 52 patients with chronic renal failure. 30 of the patients were on conservative management while 22 were on regular haemodialysis (HD) for a mean period of 14.2 +/- 9.9 months. The findings were compared to those of 14 healthy controls. All patients were clinically euthyroid. Only 3 patients on HD had goitres. The mean value of total thyroxine (TT4) total triiodo thyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and the free triiodothyronine (FT3) were low in patients compared with controls (P less than 0.01). The mean basal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P less than 0.001). There were no significant differences in all parameters between the patients on conservative management and those on haemodialysis (P greater than 0.05). Although all patients were clinically euthyroid, the biochemical features suggest hypothyroidism.
O PROFMCLIGEYOSETH. "
Kayima J.K., Otieno L.S., McLigeyo S.O. and Kyobe J.: Platelet function in nephrotic syndrome patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital. East African Medical Journal 67(2): 109-112, 1990.". In:
East African Medical Journal 67(2): 109-112, 1990. University of Nairobi.; 1990.
AbstractIn 7 years (1981-1988) at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Nairobi the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was made in 67 patients. In 23 of these patients lupus nephritis complicated the SLE. Lupus nephritis was diagnosed through renal biopsy, haematuria and proteinuria in urine with positive lupus erythematosus (LE) cell phenomenon. The histology found in these patients included 5 patients with minimal lesion, 7 patients with membranous, 3 with focal, 4 with diffuse, 3 with crescenteric and one with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. While patients with minimal, membranous and focal nephritis had general good outlook on low dose maintenance or intermittent high dose steroid therapy the others with diffuse, crescenteric and membranoproliferative nephritis had poor prognosis. Patients with diffuse proliferative, membranoproliferative and crescenteric nephritis tended to have septicaemia, pulmonary oedema, fluid overload and chronic renal failure with poor prognosis. These patients responded poorly to oral and parenteral steroid therapy whether high or low dose.
O PROFMCLIGEYOSETH. "
Kayima J.K., Otieno L.S., McLigeyo S.O., and Kyobe J. Platelet function in the nephrotic syndrome at the Kenyatta National Hospital East African Medical Journal, 67(2): 109-112; 1990.". In:
East African Medical Journal, 67(2): 109-112; 1990. University of Nairobi.; 1990.
AbstractOne hundred consecutive patients with diabetic ulcers were studied in an 8-month-period. There were 58 females. The mean age was 59.9 years. Eighty three patients had non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 11.6 years. The mean duration of the ulcer was 8.5 months. Sixty nine of the ulcers were gangrenous. Over 50% of the ulcers involved the big toes. Neuropathic ulcers were found mainly in the sole of the feet. Roentgenograms showed evidence of osteomyelitis in 44 patients. There were 356 bacterial isolates (340 aerobes and 16 anaerobes) from the ulcers. There were 3.6 infecting organisms per ulcer in gangrenous ulcers, while in neuropathic ulcers, there were 3.4 infecting organisms per ulcer. In both types of ulcer Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the commonest infecting organisms each being isolated in 88 of the 100 ulcers studied. In repeat bacterial cultures at 4 weeks there were 116 bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus aureus persisted in 63 ulcers despite therapy, while Escherichia coli persisted in 35. There were no new organisms isolated at repeat cultures and no ulcer was completely sterile. The Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to Augmentin (Amoxicillin plus clavulinic acid), Clindamycin, Novobiocin, and Amikacin while the gram negative bacilli were sensitive to Cefotaxime, Piperacillin, Amikacin and augmentin, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol and Lincomycin inhibited the growth of anaerobes to a varying degree.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima J.K., Twahir A., Njenga Asyptomatic bacteriuria among diabetics attending Kenyatta National Hospital East African Medical Journal, 73(8): 524-26; 1996.". In:
East African Medical Journal, 73(8): 524-26; 1996. Ochieng P. O., McLigeyo S. O., Amayo E. O., Kayima J. K. and Omonge E. O.; 1996.
AbstractSignificant asymptomatic bacteriuria is an important cause of pyelonephritis and gram negative septicaemia among certain predisposed individuals, such as diabetics. We investigated the incidence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) among our diabetic patients and the type and antibacterial sensitivity patterns of the organisms causing these UTIs. One hundred and thirty five patients submitted midstream urine specimens for culture. Fifteen patients had positive cultures showing the incidence of asymptomatic UTI to be 11.1%. There were ten female and five male patients with UTI. The commonest organism isolated was Escherichia coli at 40%. Gram negative bacilli made up 66.7% of the isolates. Isolates were poorly sensitive to the regularly available antibiotics-ampicillin (33% sensitive, cotrimoxazole (33% sensitive). Nitrofurantoin inhibited growth in 93% of the isolates. Other antimicrobials with over 80% sensitivity level included: gentamicin, ceftazidime, augmentin, cefuroxime and norfloxacin. They are expensive or require parenteral administration. The incidence of asymptomatic UTI is high among diabetics and although the organisms isolated are those usually isolated in UTIs, they are not that sensitive to the commonly available and antibacterial agents.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima JK, Anderton JL, Swainson CP.Persistent microcytosis and its association to the recovery of anaemia after kidney transplantation. Afr J Health Sci. 1995 Feb;2(1):220-222.". In:
Afr. J. Medical Pract. 2(1) 8-9, 1995. Ochieng P. O., McLigeyo S. O., Amayo E. O., Kayima J. K. and Omonge E. O.; 1995.
AbstractPersistent microcytosis was noted among a number of post renal transplant patients attending the transplant clinic at the Western General Hospital Edinburgh. We retrospectively looked at the pattern of recovery of the anaemia of chronic renal failure following successful renal transplantation with good graft function (Creatinine less than 250 (mol/l). Comparisons were made between those patients with persistent microcytosis and those with normal mean cell volume (MCV). Patients with microcytosis tended to have a slower recovery compared to those with normal MCV especially from week 12 to 21 after transplantation with corresponding Hb changes of 108+ 20 to 126+/-20 g/l vs 128+ 17 to 144+/-19 g/l ([P < 0.05], 95% confidence limits). The microcytic groups also tended to have had poorer graft function with serum creatinines significantly higher than those with normal MCV from week 8 to 21, 182+/- 62 to 173+/- 51 (mol/1 vs 139+/- 40 to 149+/- 38 (mo1/L ([P < 0.05] 95% confidence limits). In both groups haemoglobin concentration was negatively correlated to serum creatinine. (r=-0.54, [P < 0.05]). Body iron status studies had not been done in these patients. Persistent microcytosis though a non sensitive marker of iron deficiency may be a marker of disordered iron metabolism in patients with poorer graft functions.
O PROFMCLIGEYOSETH. "
Kayima JK, McLigeyo SO, Were AJ, Luta M.Kidney transplantation: recent medical experiences from the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 1996 Sep;73(9):614-8.". In:
East African Medical Journal 73(9):607-610, 1996. University of Nairobi.; 1996.
AbstractRenal transplantation is not readily available in the majority of countries in Africa. It is expensive and difficult to sustain on the meagre funds allocated to health. We report our short experience with fifteen living donor recipients followed in our unit for at least 24 months, range 26 - 48 (mean 35 months) post-transplantation. The donors and recipients were mostly young adults with mean ages of 36.7 years and 32.6 years respectively. The majority of the donors and recipients were males. The donors in most cases were siblings. Within this time, one graft has been lost at one year and the patient restarted on haemodialysis. Three patients died, two within the first year, the third at 23 months after transplantation, all with functioning grafts. The one year graft and patient survival rates were 93% and 86.6% respectively. The second year graft survival rates remained at 93% and the patients survival rate 80%. The nature and frequency of complications seen in these patients is comparable to those in other centres. Of all medical complications, bacterial infections contributed 69.4% of all infections. Cardiovascular complications comprised 31.25% of the complications. Hypertension seen in 85.5% of the patients accounted for 65% of the cardiovascular complications. Acute rejections were common and occurred in seven patients. Transplantation is a viable mode of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in our environment. The practice should be supported to make it more readily available to the many young end stage renal failure (ESRF) patients.
K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima JK, McLigeyo SO, Were AJ, Luta M.Kidney transplantation: recent medical experiences from the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 1996 Sep;73(9):614-8.". In:
African Journal of Health Sciences V ol. 3(3):84-90, 1996. Ochieng P. O., McLigeyo S. O., Amayo E. O., Kayima J. K. and Omonge E. O.; 1996.
AbstractRenal transplantation is not readily available in the majority of countries in Africa. It is expensive and difficult to sustain on the meagre funds allocated to health. We report our short experience with fifteen living donor recipients followed in our unit for at least 24 months, range 26 - 48 (mean 35 months) post-transplantation. The donors and recipients were mostly young adults with mean ages of 36.7 years and 32.6 years respectively. The majority of the donors and recipients were males. The donors in most cases were siblings. Within this time, one graft has been lost at one year and the patient restarted on haemodialysis. Three patients died, two within the first year, the third at 23 months after transplantation, all with functioning grafts. The one year graft and patient survival rates were 93% and 86.6% respectively. The second year graft survival rates remained at 93% and the patients survival rate 80%. The nature and frequency of complications seen in these patients is comparable to those in other centres. Of all medical complications, bacterial infections contributed 69.4% of all infections. Cardiovascular complications comprised 31.25% of the complications. Hypertension seen in 85.5% of the patients accounted for 65% of the cardiovascular complications. Acute rejections were common and occurred in seven patients. Transplantation is a viable mode of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in our environment. The practice should be supported to make it more readily available to the many young end stage renal failure (ESRF) patients.
O PROFMCLIGEYOSETH, K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima, J.K. and McLigeyo S.O.: The influence of Sodium, Pattassium, Calcium, VItamin D and Parathyroid hormone on the blood pressure in humans - A review Article. East African Medical Journal 70(4): 235-237, 1993.". In:
East African Medical Journal 70(4): 235-237, 1993. University of Nairobi.; 1993.
AbstractIn a six month period at the Kenyatta National Hospital, 46 patients (30 males) with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 22 healthy subjects have had a clinical and echocardiographic study of their cardiovascular systems. The patients with CRF were further classified as stable or in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the latter group requiring dialysis. Hypertension and circulatory congestion were the commonest clinical cardiovascular findings in patients with CRF. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine than the ones with stable CRF. Echocardiographically right ventricular size, left atrial size, aortic root diameter, left ventricular internal diameters, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, ejection time and mitral and aortic peak flow rates were significantly higher in patients with CRF than in controls. In contrast, the circumferential fibre shortening and the ejection fraction were reduced in patients with CRF. Global left ventricular dysfunction was found in 47.8% of the patients. Using doppler flow studies, valvular incompetence was detected in a number of patients, mitral regurgitation being found in 84%.76% of the patients with CRF had varying degrees of pericardial effusion. The echocardiographic abnormalities and the pericardial effusions responded six weeks of haemodialysis in a variable manner.
O PROFMCLIGEYOSETH, K DRKAYIMAJOSHUA. "
Kayima, J.K. and McLigeyo S.O.: The influence of Sodium, Pattassium, Calcium, VItamin D and Parathyroid hormone on the blood pressure in humans - A review Article. East African Medical Journal 70(4): 235-237, 1993.". In:
East African Medical Journal 70(4): 235-237, 1993. East African Medical Journal.71(4): 253-5; 1994.; 1993.
AbstractInterest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.
Otieno SP, Muchiri P. Kayole Twabamba. Githinji K, ed. Talent Empire Kenya; 2005.
R PROFMUTIGAERASTUS. "
Kayongo-Male, H. Karue, C.N. and Mutiga, E.R. 1980. The effect of supplementation on the growth of dairy heifers grazed on medium quality pasture under East African conditions. East Afric. Agric. & For. Jo. 42 (4) : 435-440.". In:
Proc. 2nd World Confr. on Embryo Transfer and vitro fertilization. Annecy France. Abst. Erick Onyango Odada; 1980.
AbstractData relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities.
Wamitila KW. Kaza Macho. Nairobi: Vide~Muwa Publishers Ltd.; 2014.
KIIRU PROFMUCHUGUDH. "
KCPE Revision English, Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.". In:
Wajibu 14.1. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 1994.
AbstractLiterary scholars in Kenya have recognised that oral literature is a cultural heritage worth preserving and accessing. To this end, they have used traditional information to good effect. In today
MUNGE PROFMUKUNYAD. "
Kedera, C.J., D.M. Mukunya and S.O. Keya, 1988. Survival of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Phaseoli in contact with Captan.". In:
Proceedings of the 1st Symposium of the Crop Science Society of Kenya held on 4-8th July 1988. Nairobi, Kenya. 15 p. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Vol. 27, pp. 79-85.; 1988.
AbstractThe gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43
M. PROFKYAMBIJ. "
Kellermann K, Bliesener JA, Kyambi JM. Positive ventriculography using water-soluble contrast media in infants with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.Neuropadiatrie. 1978 Feb;9(1):49-58.". In:
Neuropadiatrie. 1978 Feb;9(1):49-58. East African Orthopaedic Journal; 1978.
AbstractVentriculography with meglumine iocarmate (Dimer X) or Metrizamide (Amipaque was carried out in 15 infants with myelomeningocele and progressive hydrocephalus. In all cases, an Anold-Chiari-Malformation type II was diagnosed with compression of the structures of the posterior cranial cavity and their displacement within or below the level of the foramen magnum. The aqueduct was always patent but laterally compressed. In the region of the third ventricle there was often encountered an enlargement of the massa intermedia with indentation of the lamina terminalis and enlargement of the recessus suprapinealis. Aspects of pathogenesis of the malformation and possible causes of hydrocephalus originating from these findings are discussed. Methods and advantages of positive ventriculography using water-soluble media are presented.
WAITHIRA MRSMIRIE. "
Kemenwa R., Mirie W., Breastfeeding, Hospital Practices as Reported by Mothers at Kenyatta National Hospital. International Journal of Childbirth Education, Vol. 12 No. 4, December, 1997.". In:
The Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 3223 . ELOQUENT BOOKS NY, Strategic Book Group, Connecticut, USA. ISBN-978-1-60911-081-9.Pages1; 1997.
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities.
MUSAKULU DRKEMOLIARTHUR. "
Kemoli AM, Opinya GN, van Amerongen WE. Two-year survival of glass ionomer sealants placed as part of proximal ART restorations, E Afr Med J (in press).". In:
The Kenya Accountant, Vol. 1:14; Vol.2. E Afr Med J; Submitted.
AbstractAbstract Objectives: To evaluate after 2 years, the survival rate of glass ionomer cement (GIC) sealants placed in primary molars of 6-8 year-olds and as part of proximal ART restoration. Study design: A longitudinal clinical study. Setting: Matungulu/Kangundo rural divisions, Machakos district. Participants: A total of 804 six to eight year-olds from rural Kenya received sealants as part of proximal restorations placed in primary molars using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach. Trained operators, using the ART approach, placed the proximal restorations and the sealants using Fuji IX, Ketac Molar Easymix and Ketac Molar Aplicap, together with rubber dam and cotton roll tooth-isolation methods. Evaluation to determine the survival of the sealants was done soon after placement (within 2 hours of placing them) and after 2 years. The data were analyzed using SPSS 14.0 computer programme, and the survival results related to the materials and the isolation-methods used. Results: The 2-year cumulative survival of the sealants was 10.9%, and the survival of the sealants was not significantly affected by the GIC material brand and the tooth-isolation method used. However, slightly more sealants survived when Fuji IX and rubber dam tooth-isolation method were used. Conclusion: The two-year survival rate of the sealants was poor and was not significantly influenced by the GIC material or the tooth-isolation method used.
MUSAKULU DRKEMOLIARTHUR. "
Kemoli AM, van Amerongen WE, de Soet JJ. Antimicrobial and buffer capacity of crude extracts of chewing sticks (Miswaki) from Kenya.ASDC J Dent Child. 2001 May-Jun;68(3):183-8, 152.". In:
ASDC J Dent Child. 2001 May-Jun;68(3):183-8, 152. E Afr Med J; 2001.
AbstractDepartment of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The use of Chewing sticks (Miswaki) in the third world for control of dental plaque is very popular. Some of the studies that have been conducted on this subject have reported marked decrease in the incidences of dental caries and periodontal diseases in the users of Miswaki, when compared to the users of the conventional toothbrush living under similar conditions. Various mechanisms by which the Miswaki contributes to this phenomenon have been suggested. The purpose of the present study was to investigate in vitro, the anti-microbial action, the potential acid buffer capacity and fluoride content of crude aqueous extracts of eight commonly used chewing sticks from three regions in Kenya. The results obtained in the study, showed that one of the Miswaki had remarkable antibiotic activity against three stains of oral bacteria. Three of the Miswaki had significant acid buffer capacity. None of the eight Miswaki showed any significant fluoride release.
MUSAKULU DRKEMOLIARTHUR. "
Kemoli AM, van Amerongen WE, Opinya GN. Influence of different isolation methods on the survival of proximal ART restorations in primary molars after two years. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010; 11(3): 132 - 135.". In:
The Kenya Accountant, Vol. 1:14; Vol.2. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent; 2010.
AbstractAim: This was to evaluate the influence of two methods of tooth-isolation on the survival rate of proximal ART restorations in the primary molars. Methods: The study was conducted in two rural divisions in Kenya, with 7 operators randomly paired to a group of 8 assistants. A total of 804 children had each one proximal cavity in a primary molar restored using the ART approach. During the restoration 2 isolation methods, rubber dam or cotton wool rolls, and 3 brands of glass ionomer cements were randomly used by the operators. The restorations were then followed for a period of 2 years. Statistics: SPSS 14.0 was used to analyze and relate the data obtained to the method of isolation used. Results: After 2 years 30.8% of the ART restorations had survived. Higher survival rates of the restorations were obtained when using rubber dam irrespective of the GIC material or the operator. Conclusions: Generally the survival rate of the proximal restorations in the present study was very low, but the use of rubber dam resulted in a higher survival rate of the restorations.
MUSAKULU DRKEMOLIARTHUR. "
Kemoli AM, van Amerongen WE. Influence of operator/assistant experiencesof survival rate of proximal ART restorations. Inter J Peadiatr Dent, 2009; 19 (1): 9 (Abstract No. 004-25).". In:
The Kenya Accountant, Vol. 1:14; Vol.2. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent; 2009.
Abstract{ Aim: To evaluate the survival rate of proximal ART restorations in relation to the sizes of their cavity preparations. Methods: In total, 804 children aged 6-8 years from a Kenyan rural population participated in the study. Trained operators and assistants restored, an equal number of proximal cavities in primary molars of the children, using only hand instruments. Fuji IX, Ketac Molar Easymix and Ketac Molar Aplicap glass ionomer cement-brands were randomly used to restore the cavities together with two tooth-isolation methods. The restorations were followed for two years. Results: After two years, 648 restorations were available for evaluation, with a cumulative survival of 30.8%. Restorations whose sizes were 2 to 3 mm (mesio-distal, bucco-lingual and depth) or volumes between 10.0 to 19.9 mm3 had the highest number of surviving restorations, that were statistically significant (Chi-square
MUSAKULU DRKEMOLIARTHUR. "
Kemoli AM, van Amerongen WE. Influence of the cavity-size on the survival rate of proximal ART restorations in primary molars. Inter J Paediatr Dent, 2009; 19: 423 .". In:
The Kenya Accountant, Vol. 1:14; Vol.2. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent; 2009.
Abstract{ Aim: To evaluate the survival rate of proximal ART restorations in relation to the sizes of their cavity preparations. Methods: In total, 804 children aged 6-8 years from a Kenyan rural population participated in the study. Trained operators and assistants restored, an equal number of proximal cavities in primary molars of the children, using only hand instruments. Fuji IX, Ketac Molar Easymix and Ketac Molar Aplicap glass ionomer cement-brands were randomly used to restore the cavities together with two tooth-isolation methods. The restorations were followed for two years. Results: After two years, 648 restorations were available for evaluation, with a cumulative survival of 30.8%. Restorations whose sizes were 2 to 3 mm (mesio-distal, bucco-lingual and depth) or volumes between 10.0 to 19.9 mm3 had the highest number of surviving restorations, that were statistically significant (Chi-square
MUSAKULU DRKEMOLIARTHUR. "
Kemoli AM, van Amerongen WE. Isolation method and the survival of proximal ART restorations. J Dent Res, 2008; 87 Issue 8(Abstract 2488).". In:
The Kenya Accountant, Vol. 1:14; Vol.2. E Afr Med J; 2008.
AbstractObjective: To determine the prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and any associated causes of MIH in children from two rural divisions in Kenya. Design: Prospective cross-section study. Setting: Seventeen primary schools in Matungulu and Kangundo divisions of Machakos district in Kenya. Participants: All 6 to 8 year-olds in the seventeen primary schools. Results: A total of 3,591 children (55.6% males and 44.4% females) were examined for MIH. All the children were from a low socioeconomic community with little access to proper medical/dental health care. The prevalence of MIH was 13.73%, with a female to male ratio of 3:1. Conclusion: The prevalence of MIH is high in the study population and is probably associated with the poor health conditions that the children went through at the most venerable period of between birth and age 3 years.
O. PROFANZALAAGGREY. "
Kenneth E. Robbins, Leondios G Kostrikis, Teresa M. Brown, ANZALA AO, Sunny Shin, Francis A Plummer, Marcia L Kalish. Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains in Kenya: A comparison using phylogenetic analysis and combinational melt.". In:
AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 1999; 1;15(4):329-35. John Benjamins Publishing Company; 1999.
AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine whether the maternal infecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 clade affects mother-to-child transmission frequency. Mothers in the mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission study in Nairobi, Kenya, were grouped by HIV-1 status of their first enrolled child: uninfected, perinatally infected, or postnatally infected. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to determine HIV-1 viral clades of nested polymerase chain reaction products from HIV-1 protease or p24 genes. When inconclusive, sequencing determined the clade. Clade distributions within the groups were compared. The 3 groups displayed a uniform clade distribution. The predominant clades were A (59%) and D (20%). Clades B, C, F, mixed, and recombinant infections comprised the remainder (21%). No significant association was seen between clades A and D and either frequency or mode of vertical transmission. RFLP analysis revealed 2 clade B infections, 9 mixed, and 5 p24/protease recombinant infections in the study population.
ODIDI PROFOKIDICHARLES. "
Kenya.". In:
Vol. 18. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History; 1979.
MALECHE MRZACHARIAH. "
Kenya.". In:
KISE Bulletin, July 1987. Vol. 1 No. 2. World Conference of Phylosophy Proceedings; 1970.
AUGUSTINE PROFCHITEREPRESTON. "
Kenya.". In:
Proceedings of the Kenya National Academy of Sciences. Heinrich Boll Foundation.; 2006.
KURIA MRKAMAUPAUL. "
Kenya.". In:
Published by the Polytechnic of Berlin, Berlin. Heinrich Boll Foundation.; 2005.
Mwega F, Fengler W, Kharas H. "
Kenya.". In:
Delivering Aid Differently. Brookings Institution Press; 2010.
Oucho JO. "
Kenya.". In:
Handbook of Internal Migration. Westport: Greenwood Press; 1990.
KURIA KAMAU, Gallagher P. LP,(eds.) SAL. "
Kenya." University Press. ISBN 0-521-67754-8; 2005.
Abstractn/a
PATRICIA PROFKAMERMBOTEI. "
'Kenya Biodiversity Study: Intellectual Property Rights and Ownership' in UNEP/GPK, The Costs, Benefits and Unmet Needs of Biological Diversity Conservation in Kenya (with Dan Bondi Ogalla).". In:
journal. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine; 1992.
AbstractAntibody responses to a conventional rabies preexposure regimen of a new purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and a human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) were compared in 80 healthy Kenyan veterinary students. Forty-three of the students received the PVRV and 37 received the HDCV on days 0, 7, and 28. Antibody responses were monitored using the rapid fluorescent-focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (INH EIA) on days 0, 7, 28, and 49. Both vaccines elicited a rapid antibody response. A good correlation between the RFFIT titers and the INH EIA titers was obtained (r = 0.90). Our results also showed that the INH EIA was more reproducible and might therefore be a suitable substitute for the more expensive and less reproducible RFFIT. The geometric mean titers determined by both tests in the two groups of students were statistically similar during the test period. The RFFIT and the INH EIA gave comparable geometric mean titers, which differed significantly only on day 28 in the PVRV group. The effect of the new PVRV is comparable to that of the more expensive HDCV, as determined by the present test systems. The PVRV could therefore be the vaccine of choice, especially in tropical rabies-endemic areas, where the high cost of the HDCV has confined its use to a privileged few.
BHALENDU PROFBHATT. "
The Kenya Chemical Society Inagural.". In:
Conference Proceedings, 118, June,. B.M. Bhatt and P.M. Gitu; 1993.
AbstractWe surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten
DAVID PROFMACHARIA. "
Kenya Co-author of materials on .". In:
(1979-1986)Guidance in the development of numerous Institute of Adult Studies. Philosophical Issues Invoked by Shona People; 1986.
AbstractHuman Capital Externality and Returns to Education in Kenya
N MRSKIMONYEMARYW. "
Kenya College of Accountancy. Training manual for the course .". In:
(Journal of the Marketing Students Association). ELOQUENT BOOKS NY, Strategic Book Group, Connecticut, USA. ISBN-978-1-60911-081-9.Pages1; 1996.
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained.
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