Bio

PROF. S.E.O MITEMA

Prof. Mitema is a Professor of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology and Director of International programmes, University of Nairobi. He graduated with a Bachelors degree in Veterinary Medicine in 1972 from the University of Nairobi and a Masters degree in 1978 from Kansas State University USA, and a PhD in 1984 from the University of Nairobi. Prof. Mitema was appointed Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology in 1976 and promoted to position of Lecturer in 1979, Senior lecturer in 1987, Associate Professor in 1992 and full Professor in 1997.

Publications

Submitted

Kikuvi, GM.  Submitted.  Surveillance of the overall use of antimicrobial drugs in humans over a 5 year period (1997-2001) in Kenya. Website

2005

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2005.  The ability of phenylbutazone and dexamethasone to modulate postoperative phenomena in cattle. Ken Vet J. 28: 29 32. 4rd YES Summit at KICC, Nairobi - Kenya.. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2005.  Establishment and comparative analyses of different culture conditions of primary hepatocytes from Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) as a model to study stress induction in-vitro. In Vitro Cellular Developmental Biol (Animal): 41: 1 - 6. 4rd YES Summit at KICC, Nairobi - Kenya.. : BEP Electronic Press

2004

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2004.  Mitema, E. S. and Kikuvi, G. (2004). Surveillance of overall use of antimicrobial drugs in humans over a five . Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2004.  Fluoride levels in water, animal feeds, cow milk from Kiambu and Thika districts in Kenya. Ken Vet 27: 65 . Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2004.  Mitema, E. S. (2004). Prudent use of veterinary drugs: Impact of safe animal products for increased activity. Ken Vet J. 27: 1-2. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.
MUCUNU, DRMBARIAJ, MITEMA PROFSEO, ELIAS PROFMAITHOT.  2004.  COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF PYRETHRUM MARC WITH ALBENDAZOLE AGAINST SHEEP GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

2002

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2002.  Mitema, E. S. and Kamau, J. (2002). Antibacterial activity of isometamidium (Veridium . Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2002.  Mitema, E. S. (2002). Good procedures in conducting biomedical research. Ken Vet. J 23: 31 . Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2002.  Olila, D., McDermott J., Eisler E., Mitema, E. S. et al (2002). Drug sensitivity of trypanosome populations in a peri-urban dairy production in Uganda. Acta Tropica 84: 1930. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

2001

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2001.  Muruiki, F.K. Ogara, W.O. Njeruh F.M. and Mitema, E.S. (2001). Tetracycline residue levels in cattle meat from Nairobi slaughter house in Kenya. J. Vet. Sci. 2 (2): 97 -101. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2001.  Mitema, E. S. Kikuvi, G. M., Wegener, H.C. and Stohr K. (2001). An assessment of antimicrobial consumption in food producing animals in Kenya. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther 24: 385. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract

Antimicrobial agents are useful for control of bacterial infections in food animals and man. Their prudent use in these animals is important to control any possible development and transfer of resistance between animals and man. The objective of this study was to generate quantitative information to evaluate antimicrobial usage patterns by animal species, route of administration, antimicrobial class and type of use from 1995 to 1999 in Kenya. Theses data are essential for risk analysis and planning and can be helpful in interpreting resistance surveillance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of prudent use efforts and antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies. Data on quantities of active substance classes were collected from the official records of the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of the Ministry of Health and analysed in MS Excel 2000 program. The mean antimicrobial consumption for the 5-year period was 14 594 ± 1457 kg per year. This was distributed in the various antimicrobial classes as follows: 7975 kg (54.65%) of tetracyclines, 3103.96 kg (21.27%) of sulfonamides and 954.5 kg (6.56%) of aminoglycosides, 905 kg (6.20%) of β-lactams, 94 kg (0.64%) of quinolones, 35 kg (0.24%) of macrolides and 24 kg (0.16%) of others (tiamulin). Mean consumption per year among the various food animals was: 10 989 ± 357 kg in large animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and goats), 2906 ± 127 kg in poultry alone and 699 ± 427 kg in both large animals and poultry. These quantities represented 56.56% (8255 kg) consumption per year for parenteral use, 41.79% (6098 kg) for oral use and 1.65% (241 kg) for topical use (intramammary and eye ointments) in cattle. With respect to intended use in food producing animals, the mean consumption per year was: 13 178 kg (90.30%) for therapeutic use (ST), 4 kg (0.03%) for prophylactic treatment (PT) and 1411 ± 246 kg (9.67%) was used both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (GPT). The study confirmed that antimicrobials are not used for growth promotion in Kenya. There was no specific trend in the quantities of active antimicrobial classes. This study has revealed that the tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, nitrofurans aminoglycosides, β-lactams and the quinolones are the most commonly used drugs in food-producing animals in Kenya. Tetracyclines contributed approximately 55% of the total consumption, and there was an increasing trend in the consumption of quinolones from 1998.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  2001.  Kikuvi, G. M. Mitema, E.S. and I Buoro (2001). The Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in healthy dogs and in dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis Vet. Res. Comm. 25: 391-400. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

1999

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1999.  Kikuvi, G. M., Mitema E.S. and I. Buoro (1999). Treatment of experimental canine ehlirchiosis with along acting oxytetracycline- formulation. Proc. CVA/KVA Regional Conference. Ken. Vet. 24S: 85-89.. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

1998

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1998.  Mbaria, J..M.; Maitho; Mitema, E.S. and Muchiri, D.J. (1998) Comparative efficacy of pyrethrum marc with albendazole against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Top. Anim. Hlth-Prod. 30: 17-22.. Tropical Animal Health and Production. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared.  Sheep were infected orally with     10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%).  Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep.  These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05).  The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

1997

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1997.  Mukhwana, E.J. and Mitema, E.S. (1997). Comparative efficacy of three anthelmentics against mixed gastrointestinal nematode infections in camels. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 29 (2): 99-101.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1997.  Mukhwana, E.J. and Mitema, E.S. (1997). Gastrointestinal Helminths of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern Kenya. Bull. An. Hlth. Afr. 43: 215-217. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1997.  Mitema, E.S. and Kitaa, J.N.A. (1997). The effects of anti-arrhythmic drugs verapamil, lidocaine and propranolol on some cardiovascular and biochemical parameters in induced arrhythmias in dogs. J. Vet. Pharmacol Ther. 20 (S1): 250-251.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
OLE, DRMAPENAYISAACM, MITEMA PROFSEO.  1997.  SOME PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS OF DOXYCYCLINE IN EAST AFRIC. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO, OLE DRMAPENAYISAACM, ELIAS PROFMAITHOT.  1997.  ASPECTS OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF DOXYCYCLINE GIVEN TO HEAL. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
OLE, DRMAPENAYISAACM, MITEMA PROFSEO.  1997.  Eficacy of doxycycline in goats. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1996

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1996.  Ole-Mapenay, I.O. and Mitema, E.S. (1996) Efficacy of doxycycline in goats experimentally infected with Pasteurella haemolytica. J. S. Afr. Vet. Ass. 68 (2): 55-58. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1996.  Oluka, M.O; Mitema, E.S., Kibwage, I. Kwasa, T.O. and Kokwaro, G.O. (1996) A comparative bioavailability of four carbamezapine tablet formulations available in the Kenyan market. E. Afr. Med. J. 73 (5): 323-326.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1995

Mukhwana, EJ, Mitema ES.  1995.  Gastrointestinal helminths of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in northern Kenya.. Abstract

The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was investigated by the examination of 255 faecal samples from different age groups and sexes of camels maintained in a communal grazing environment in northern Kenya between November 1992 and March 1993. In addition, 73 fresh faecal samples from anaemic camels and those with an eggs per gram (epg) count of >1000 were cultured for larval identification. The results showed that peak worm infestations occurred during and soon after the onset of rains. Female camels had significantly higher egg counts than males. Immature bulls had lower egg counts than calves which had lower egg counts than adults. More than 80% of the parasites identified were nematodes, of which Haemonchus was most frequent, followed by Trichostrongylus; relatively few of the camels were infected with Cooperia, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum, Strongyloides and Ostertagia. The most frequent cestode was Moniezia. Eggs of Fasciola were identified in a few of the camels; this is the first report of fascioliasis in camels in Kenya.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1995.  Okongo-Odera, E.A., Mitema, E.S., Koech, D.K. and Orago, A.S.S. (1995) Cross reactive studies in visceral leishmaniasis comparison of antigens of some leishmania species in Kenya. Af. J. Hlth Sc. 2 (2): 304-308.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1994

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1994.  Omija, B., Mitema, E.S., and Maitho T.E. (1994). Oxytetracycline levels in chicken eggs after administration of medicated drinking water to laying chickens. Food Addit Contam. 11 (6): 641 - 647. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1994.  Kitaa, J. and Mitema, E.S. (1994). Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs (verapamil, propranolol and lidocaine) on electrocardiogram and haematology in adrenaline induced arrhythmias in dogs anaesthetised with halothane. Br. Vet .J. 150 (4): 365-376. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1993

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1993.  . Kariuki, S.M. Olsvik, O. Mitema, E.S.; Gathuma, J.M. and Mirza N. (1993). Acquired tetracycline resistance genes in Nosocomial Salmonella typhimurium infection in a Kenyan Hospital. E. Afr. Med. J. 70: 255-258.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract

Tetracyclines have been among the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. Plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance among hospital strains of bacteria has continued to rise and of major concern has been the transfer of resistance to pathogenic organisms. Bacteraemia due to hospital acquired S. typhimurium has been a major cause of morbidity at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), hence the need to study drug susceptibility pattern of this organism. This study also characterized the tetracycline resistance genes using oligonucleotide probes. Ninety seven S. typhimurium strains isolated from patients at KNH were used. Agar dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Plasmids were isolated from each strain and the different plasmid profiles were grouped by their molecular weights into 6 patterns. Out of 97, 87 (88%) strains were resistant. MIC ranged from 1 microgram/ml to 128 micrograms/ml. Genes encoding for tetracycline resistance were located on plasmids of molecular weights 65 MDa, 5.2 or both. Plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance is likely to spread to other pathogenic organisms, reduce our ability to treat the infection and increase the cost and duration of treatment.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1993.  Ngethe, S.; Horsberg, T.E.; Mitema, E.S. and Jugebrigtsen (1993). Species differences in hepatic concentration of orally administered 3H-AFB1 between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 114: 355-358.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1993.  Githure, J.I.; Hey, A.S.; Were, J.B.O.; Koech, K.; Mitema, E.S. and Kharazuni, A. (1993). Field application of an elisa using redefined leishmania antigen for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg. 87: 423-424.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1992

Mitema, ES;, Omija B.  1992.  Determination of oxytetracycline residues in chicken eggs using microbiological methods.

1991

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1991.  Mitema, E.S.; Kocan, A.A.; Mukolwe, S.; Sangiah, S. and Sherban, D. (1991). Activity of buparvaquone (BW 720C) against Theileria cervi in white tailed deer. Vet. Parasitol. 38: 49-53.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract

Buparvaquone, a naphthoquinone with known efficacy against Theileria parva parva in cattle, was tested for activity against Theileria cervi piroplasms in both an in vitro culture system and in vivo in experimentally infected white-tailed deer. The in vitro data showed a significant decrease in the incorporation of 3H-hypoxanthine by infected red blood cells treated with buparvaquone when compared to that seen with imidocarb and chloroquine treatment. In both intact and splenectomized deer treated with buparvaquone (2.5 mg kg-1) a gradual decrease in piroplasm parasitaemia was observed following treatment. However, in the splenectomized deer, parasitaemia levels returned to near pretreatment values after approximately 2 weeks

1990

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1990.  Mitema, E.S. and Gitau, F.K. (1990). Organochlorine residues from Nile perch fish from Lake Victoria. Afr. J. Ecol. 28: 234-239.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1989

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1989.  . Mitema, E.S. (l989). Use of drugs in urinary tract infections. Ken. Vet. 13: 39.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1988

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1988.  Mitema, E.S.; Sangiah, S. and Martin, T. (1988). Effects of some calcium modulators on monensin toxicity. Vet. Human Tox. 5: 409-413.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1987

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1987.  Mitema, E.S. and G.J.O. Agumba (1987). Choosing an intramammary anti-biotic to treat mastitis. Vet. Med. 82: 930-932.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1987.  Mitema, E.S. (1987). Effects of chronic lead exposure on the hematology, blood glutathione and bone marrow of dogs. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA on Quinuronium. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nairobi.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press

1985

MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1985.  Mitema, E.S. (1985). Quinuronium levels in ovine plasma as determined by in vitro / in vivo model system using Babesia rodhaini. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 276: 12-16.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1985.  Mitema, E.S. (1985). Comparative studies on the effect of Quinuronium and diminazene on biochemical parameters in sheep. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 27: 539-543.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
MITEMA, PROFSEO.  1985.  Mitema, E.S. & Maribei, J.M. (1985). Quinuronium induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 24: 53-58.. journal. : BEP Electronic Press Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.

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