PATRICK MRIRUNGU. "
Kinyua P.I.D., G.C. Van Kooten and E.H. Bulte, 1998. African Wildlife Policy: Protecting Wildlife Herbivores on Private Game Ranches, European Review of Agricultural Economics 27 (2):227-244.". In:
Protecting Wildlife Herbivores on Private Game Ranches, European Review of Agricultural Economics 27 (2):227-244. Heinrich Boll Foundation.; 1998.
AbstractParticipatory research on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted with Orma pastoralists in Tana River District, Kenya. The use of participatory methods to understand local perceptions of disease signs, disease causes, disease incidence by cattle age group, seasonal patterns of disease and preferences for indigenous and modern control methods are described. Results indicated that local characterization of diseases called gandi and buku by Orma pastoralists was similar to modern veterinary knowledge on chronic trypanosomiasis and haemorrhagic trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoma vivax), respectively. The mean incidence of gandi varied from 10.2% in calves to 28.6% in adult cattle. The mean incidence of buku varied from 3.1% in calves to 9.6% in adults. Pearson correlation coefficients for disease incidence by age group were 0.498 (P < 0.01) and 0.396 (P < 0.05) for gandi and buku, respectively. Informants observed cases of trypanosomiasis in 24.1% of cattle (all age groups); these cases accounted for 41.8% of all sick cattle during the preceding 12-month period. Eight indigenous and three modern trypanosomiasis control methods were identified. Results indicated that an integrated approach to trypanosomiasis control based on private, individual action was well established in the assessment area. When presented with four different trypanosomiasis control methods, community representatives selected 'better use of trypanocides' as the most preferred intervention and 'community-based tsetse control' as the least preferred intervention. This finding prompted researchers to modify the original project activities. Constraints facing the sustainability of community-based tsetse control are discussed.
G. DRGATARIMICHAELJ. "
Kinyua, A.M., Maina D.M., Maina C., Mangala M.J., Jumba I.O., Gatebe C. K., Gatari M.J., Non-destructive analysis of Mercury (Hg) by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Technique in Beauty Creams sold in Kenya.". In:
Presented at International Symposium on harmonization of health related environmental measurements using nuclear and isotopic techniques, Hyderabad, India, 4-7 November 1996. University of Nairobi.; 1996.
MUNGE PROFMUKUNYAD. "
Kinyua, G.K., D.M. Mukunya and E.M. Van Breukelen, 1981. Variability in isolates of Pseudomonas phaseolicola (Burk) Dowson in Kenya and genetic studies on resistance in dry food beans.". In:
Proceedings of the 5th International Conf. Oin Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Aug. 1981, CIAT, Colombia. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter Vol. 27, pp. 79-85.; 1981.
AbstractThe gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43
J PROFMULAAFRANCIS. "
Kinyua, J. K., Nguu, E.K., Mulaa, F. J. and Ndung.". In:
Vaccine. 23. 3824-3828. Springerlink; 2005.
AbstractProteins isolated from the midgut of Glossina pallidipes were used to immunize rabbits and their efficacy as vaccine candidate(s) against the fly, and their potential to block transmission of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed. Two fractions, detergent (DET) and aqueous (AQ) fractions were separated using a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-114) and a series of bioassay experiments carried out using serum obtained from rabbits immunized with either of the two fractions. The mortality rates of tsetse flies fed on serum from rabbits immunized with DET and AQ was 56 and 35%, respectively, as compared to 20% mortality in controls. The DET antigen(s) caused considerably higher mortality (chi(2)=1.194, P<0.05) than that on controls. These findings suggest that midgut proteins contain antigens that are lethal to tsetse flies, and are potential candidates for the development of anti-tsetse vaccine. When flies fed on serum derived from DET immunized rabbits were fed on T. b. rhodesiense infected blood, only 20% of them picked the infection. Very few flies (20%) fed on serum derived from DET immunized rabbits had infection of T. b. rhodesiense. In the control flies 45% of them had infection in the midgut with a higher and actively motile parasite load. Assessment of fecundity indicated significantly higher (chi(2)=2.117, P<0.05) larviposition for the control flies when compared to the AQ group of flies (chi(2)=1.054, P<0.05). Significant differences in abortions and pupal weights were also observed. These results suggest that midgut proteins contain antigens with potential for use in development of vaccine to block transmission of trypanosomes through tsetse.
PATRICK MRIRUNGU. "
Kinyua, P.I.D., 1980. Agroforestry in Arid and Semi-arid Areas:Agroforestry Development in Kenya. Proc.: Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi.". In:
Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, Nairobi. Heinrich Boll Foundation.; 1980.
AbstractParticipatory research on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted with Orma pastoralists in Tana River District, Kenya. The use of participatory methods to understand local perceptions of disease signs, disease causes, disease incidence by cattle age group, seasonal patterns of disease and preferences for indigenous and modern control methods are described. Results indicated that local characterization of diseases called gandi and buku by Orma pastoralists was similar to modern veterinary knowledge on chronic trypanosomiasis and haemorrhagic trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoma vivax), respectively. The mean incidence of gandi varied from 10.2% in calves to 28.6% in adult cattle. The mean incidence of buku varied from 3.1% in calves to 9.6% in adults. Pearson correlation coefficients for disease incidence by age group were 0.498 (P < 0.01) and 0.396 (P < 0.05) for gandi and buku, respectively. Informants observed cases of trypanosomiasis in 24.1% of cattle (all age groups); these cases accounted for 41.8% of all sick cattle during the preceding 12-month period. Eight indigenous and three modern trypanosomiasis control methods were identified. Results indicated that an integrated approach to trypanosomiasis control based on private, individual action was well established in the assessment area. When presented with four different trypanosomiasis control methods, community representatives selected 'better use of trypanocides' as the most preferred intervention and 'community-based tsetse control' as the least preferred intervention. This finding prompted researchers to modify the original project activities. Constraints facing the sustainability of community-based tsetse control are discussed.
PATRICK MRIRUNGU. "
Kinyua, P.I.D., 1988. Developing Models for Early Weaning of Beef Calves in Kenya. M.sc. Thesis, University of Wyoming.". In:
M.sc. Thesis, University of Wyoming. Heinrich Boll Foundation.; 1988.
AbstractParticipatory research on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted with Orma pastoralists in Tana River District, Kenya. The use of participatory methods to understand local perceptions of disease signs, disease causes, disease incidence by cattle age group, seasonal patterns of disease and preferences for indigenous and modern control methods are described. Results indicated that local characterization of diseases called gandi and buku by Orma pastoralists was similar to modern veterinary knowledge on chronic trypanosomiasis and haemorrhagic trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoma vivax), respectively. The mean incidence of gandi varied from 10.2% in calves to 28.6% in adult cattle. The mean incidence of buku varied from 3.1% in calves to 9.6% in adults. Pearson correlation coefficients for disease incidence by age group were 0.498 (P < 0.01) and 0.396 (P < 0.05) for gandi and buku, respectively. Informants observed cases of trypanosomiasis in 24.1% of cattle (all age groups); these cases accounted for 41.8% of all sick cattle during the preceding 12-month period. Eight indigenous and three modern trypanosomiasis control methods were identified. Results indicated that an integrated approach to trypanosomiasis control based on private, individual action was well established in the assessment area. When presented with four different trypanosomiasis control methods, community representatives selected 'better use of trypanocides' as the most preferred intervention and 'community-based tsetse control' as the least preferred intervention. This finding prompted researchers to modify the original project activities. Constraints facing the sustainability of community-based tsetse control are discussed.
INYEGA DRHELLENNASIMIYUH. "
Kioko, A., Mutiga, J., Muthwii, M., Shroeder, L., Inyega, H. N. & Trudell, B. (2008). Language and Education in Africa: Answering the Questions.". In:
The Fountain Journal Vol 4 No. 2. UNESCO; 2008.
AbstractBackground
Improving the health of school-aged children can yield substantial benefits for cognitive development and educational achievement. However, there is limited experimental evidence on the benefits of school-based malaria prevention or how health interventions interact with other efforts to improve education quality. This study aims to evaluate the impact of school-based malaria prevention and enhanced literacy instruction on the health and educational achievement of school children in Kenya.
Design
A factorial, cluster randomised trial is being implemented in 101 government primary schools on the coast of Kenya. The interventions are (i) intermittent screening and treatment of malaria in schools by public health workers and (ii) training workshops and support for teachers to promote explicit and systematic literacy instruction. Schools are randomised to one of four groups: receiving either (i) the malaria intervention alone; (ii) the literacy intervention alone; (iii) both interventions combined; or (iv) control group where neither intervention is implemented. Children from classes 1 and 5 are randomly selected and followed up for 24 months. The primary outcomes are educational achievement and anaemia, the hypothesised mediating variables through which education is affected. Secondary outcomes include malaria parasitaemia, school attendance and school performance. A nested process evaluation, using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion and a stakeholder analysis will investigate the community acceptability, feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the interventions.
Discussion
Across Africa, governments are committed to improve health and education of school-aged children, but seek clear policy and technical guidance as to the optimal approach to address malaria and improved literacy. This evaluation will be one of the first to simultaneously evaluate the impact of health and education interventions in the improvement of educational achievement. Reflection is made on the practical issues encountered in conducting research in schools in Africa.
WANZA MSKIOKOMAGDALENE. "
Kioko, W.M., and Wanjala, S., Recognizing the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Kenya's New Constitutional Order: The Case of the Ogiek (Forthcoming Publication.).". In:
American Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology Vol 101 . Starmat Designers & Allied, Nairobi; 2002.
AbstractCohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
WANZA MSKIOKOMAGDALENE. "
Kioko, W.M., and Wanjala, S., Recognizing the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Kenya's New Constitutional Order: The Case of the Ogiek (Forthcoming Publication.).". In:
American Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology Vol 101 . Starmat Designers & Allied, Nairobi; 2002.
AbstractCohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
WANZA MSKIOKOMAGDALENE. "
Kioko, W.M., and Wanjala, S., Recognizing the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Kenya's New Constitutional Order: The Case of the Ogiek (Forthcoming Publication.).". In:
American Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology Vol 101 . Starmat Designers & Allied, Nairobi; 2002.
AbstractCohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
WANZA MSKIOKOMAGDALENE. "
Kioko, W.M., Mute, L., and Akivaga, K., (Eds.) Building an Open Society: The Politics of Transition in Kenya (Nairobi: Clairpress, 2002) (Editor).". In:
American Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology Vol 101 . Starmat Designers & Allied, Nairobi; 2002.
AbstractCohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
WANZA MSKIOKOMAGDALENE. "
Kioko, W.M., Mute, L., and Akivaga, K., (Eds.) Building an Open Society: The Politics of Transition in Kenya (Nairobi: Clairpress, 2002) (Editor).". In:
American Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology Vol 101 . Starmat Designers & Allied, Nairobi; 2002.
AbstractCohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
WANZA MSKIOKOMAGDALENE. "
Kioko, W.M., Mute, L., and Akivaga, K., (Eds.) Building an Open Society: The Politics of Transition in Kenya (Nairobi: Clairpress, 2002) (Editor).". In:
American Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology Vol 101 . Starmat Designers & Allied, Nairobi; 2002.
AbstractCohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MBURU DRJOHNIRUNGU. "
Kiplagat, K. A., J. Mburu, D.N. Mugendi (2009). Valuing the contribution of tropical forests to local communities.". In:
Lessons from Research and Practice. Spring Research Series 52, pp.65-73. Ogutu J.O; 2009.
AbstractThe vision of the Government of Kenya is to facilitate ICT as a universal tool for education and training. In order to achieve this vision every educational institution, teacher, learner and the respective community should be equipped with appropriate ICT infrastructure, competencies and policies for usage and progress. It calls for recognition of the fact that ICT provides capabilities and skills needed for a knowledge-based economy. It also calls for transforming teaching and learning to incorporate new pedagogies that are appropriate for the 21st century.
The Ministry of Education�s (MOE) mission is to facilitate effective use of ICT to improve access, learning and administration in delivery education programmes and services. The principal objective will be to integrate ICT in the delivery of education and training curricula. XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O />
Although not exhaustive, the range of ICT that have been used in the delivery of education to improve access, teaching, learning, and administration includes: Electric Board, Audio Cassette, Radio for Interactive Radio Instructions (IRI), Video/TV-Learning, Computer, Integrated ICT infrastructure and Support Application Systems (SAS).These systems are in use, at various degrees, in most parts of Africa (Charp, 1998). This plan envisages use ofthese digital components to improve access and quality in the delivery of education in Kenya.
The major challenge in respect to this component is limited digital equipment at virtually all levels of education. While the average access rate is one computer to 15 students in most of the developed countries, the access rate in Kenya is approximately one computer to 150 students (EMIS, 2005).
Whereas most secondary schools in Kenya have some computer equipment, only a small fraction is equipped with basic ICT infrastructure. In most cases equipment of schools with ICT infrastructure has been through initiatives supported by the parents, government, development agencies and the private sector, including the NEPAD E-Schools programme. Attempts to set up basic ICT infrastructure in primary schools are almost negligible.
According to ICTs in Education Options Paper, one of the main problems is limited penetration of the physical telecommunication infrastructure into rural and low-income areas. Specifically, the main challenge is limited access to dedicated phone lines and high-speed systems or connectivity to access e-mail and Internet resources.
The EMIS Survey (2003/2004) indicated that over 70% of secondary schools and a much larger proportion of primary schools require functional telephones. Indeed, many parts of Kenya cannot easily get Internet services because of the poor telephone networks. About 90% of secondary schools need to establish standard Local Area Networks (LANs) in order to improve sharing of learning resources.
Alternative and appropriate technologies for access to Internet resources, including wireless systems remain quite expensive. Indeed, a small proportion of schools have direct access, through Internet Service Providers (ISPs), to high-speed data and communication systems.
Furthermore, very few schools in the rural areas use wireless technology such as VSAT to access e-mail and Internet resources. Nearly all of the 6 NEPAD e-Schools are in rural areas and are expected to enjoy internet connectivity through VSAT technology.
While other countries have reported up to 41% of integration of ICT to teaching and learning, the proportion remains substantially low in Africa, Kenya included. Integration aims at the use ICT to support teaching and learning in the delivery of the various curricula to achieve improved education outcomes. Because ICT is interactive media, it facilitates students to develop diversified skills needed for industrialization and a knowledge-based economy. It also allows teachers and learners to proceed at different paces depending on the prevailing circumstances.
As a first step, the Ministry of Education has initiated a major ICT project in Secondary schools meant to equip over 200 secondary schools with ICT infrastructure for integration of ICT in teaching/learning process ( KESSP, 2004). Three schools have been chosen in every district of Kenya.
C PROFKIPTOONJAPHETH. "
Kiptoon J. C.: .". In:
Scientific Conference of Kenya Veterinary Association 21-22 October. 1986. ICASTOR Journal of Engineering; 1986.
MATHENGE PROFMARIBEIJAMES. "
Kiptoon, J.C., J.B. Masha, and J.M. Maribei, (1984). A survey of the incidence of salmonella and other coliform enteritis in cattle in Kabete area of Kiambu district (1977 .". In:
Presented at the Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference, 28-30 April, 1996. au-ibar; 1984.
AbstractTwo groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity
MATHENGE PROFMARIBEIJAMES. "
Kiptoon, J.C., J.M. Maribei, L.J.W. Kamau and P. Thuo. Bovine Borreliosis in Kenya. Borrelia theileri Associated with bovine anaemia. The Kenya Veterinarian 3(1), 11-12 (1979).". In:
Presented at the Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Conference, 28-30 April, 1996. au-ibar; 1979.
AbstractTwo groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity
WANJIRU DRNGUGIROSE. "
Kiragu M.R.; Market concentration and firm's profitability in the food processing sub-sector, 1999, University of Nairobi.". In:
Paris 2011 World Cup in Paris, France. The Icfai University Journal of Architecture, Vol. II No.1, February 2010; 1999.
AbstractIn contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids.
MUSEMBI PROFNGANDABENJAMIN. "
Kirigia JM, Sambo LG, Nganda B, Mwabu GM, Chatora R, Mwase T., (2005), Determinants of health insurance ownership among South African women BMC Health Services Research Vol. 5:17 (28 February 2005).". In:
WHO. Boniface Kavoi, Andrew Makanya, Jameela Hassanali, Hans-Erik Carlsson, Stephen Kiama; 2005.
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep.
ONYALO PROFYAMBOMAURI. "
Kirimi Mwarania, Eddah Gachukia, Mauri Yambo and John Alwar (Eds.), Children and Women in Kenya: A Situation Analysis 1992. Nairobi: Government of Kenya and UNICEF, August 1992. 162 pp.". In:
In POST (A journal of the Kenya National Academy of Sciences) Volume XI Number 1 of 1986. University of Nairobi Press, Open and Distance Learning; 1992.
Abstract{ This paper proposes a new theory, a theory of the memetic sphere; and outlines its main features, based on library research. In Dawkinsian parlance, memes are ideas, phrases and sentences with a gene-like capacity to replicate. The theory maps the chain-reaction in the form of which this replication becomes what we know as the information explosion, and attempts to show what lies beyond the explosion. No known study has highlighted the similitudes between the memetic sphere and the physical universe. The theory is summarized in an Einsteinian equation
KIRITI DRNG'ANG'ATABITHAWAGITHI. "
Kiriti- Nganga, T. and Roy, K. Gender Inequality and Poverty: The Kenyan Case.". In:
Focus on Poverty. Nova Science Publishers; 2007.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: Sialidase and the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis have been proposed as biomarkers for bacterial vaginosis. Sialidase has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. We genotyped G. vaginalis isolates, assessed the presence and diversity of sialidase-en- coding genes, and determined the production of sialidase. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred thirty-four G vaginalis isolates were genotyped by random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) and a selection of 29 isolates with amplified ribosomal deoxyri-bonucleic acid restriction analysis (ARDRA). A G vaginalis sialidase quantitative polymerase chain reaction was developed, and the siali- dase production was assessed with the filter spot test. RESULTS: Three G vaginalis genotypes could be distinguished by both RAPD and ARDRA. Only 2 genotypes encoded and produced sialidase. CONCLUSION: Three genotypes exist among G vaginalis isolates, and there is a clear link between genotype and sialidase production. A possible link between sialidase production and (symptomatic) bacterial vaginosis and biofilm production can be hypothesized. Key words: adverse pregnancy outcome, bacterial vaginosis, Gardnerella vaginalis, genotyping, sialidase
KIRITI DRNG'ANG'ATABITHAWAGITHI. "
Kiriti-Nganga, T. (2007), .". In:
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol. 5 (2): 251-260. WFL Publisher; 2007.
AbstractThis article investigates the forces leading to migration of husbands from rural Kenya, the economic situation and activities of wives with migrant husbands, receipt of remittances by wives and the possible influences on capital formation in rural Kenya, using the Nyeri district as a case study. Although the residual sample of rural wives whose husbands have migrated to urban areas in Kenya is small, the analysis of this sample highlights several important points worthy of investigation. It seems that rural husbands who migrate from rural Kenya have limited education and skills and are mostly pushed out of rural areas rather than pulled. The wives seem not to be empowered in relation to economic and family decisions-making. The husband and his relatives retain control of important economic and household decisions and this has negative impacts on agricultural productivity. The wives are hampered by their relative lack of access to agricultural extension officers, finance for farm investment and capital resources for use on their farm. Probit analysis suggests that the probability of a wife obtaining remittances from a migrant husband declines with the number of years of his absence and the age of the wife but increases with the number of her dependent children and whether or not she employs hired labour. Duration of migration is important in explaning the amount of remittances but not in explaining the likelihood of wives receiving remittances. Overall indications are that remittances are mostly motivated by altruism or social obligation of the migrant to his family. This study was limited by lack of resources but nonetheless provides useful pointers to further research.
KIRITI DRNG'ANG'ATABITHAWAGITHI. "
Kiriti-Nganga, T. and Okelo, J. Regional Trade Agreements: A Case Study for Kenya.". In:
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT VIRTUAL INSTITUTE RESEARCH MATERIAL pp. 17-81. UNCTAD Vi; 2009.
AbstractThis paper first defines what regional economic commuities are using economic theory as a point of reference. The Economic integration in Africa is also discussed at length and the various forms of integration in Africa such as the East African Community (EAC), the South African Customs Union (SACU), Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and may others. Consequences of overlapping membership of various forms of integration and the constrainst of regional integration in Africa are also discussed.
KIRITI DRNG'ANG'ATABITHAWAGITHI. "
Kiriti-Nganga, T. The Economic and Social Context of Labour Migration from Africa.". In:
International Journal of Human Development and Information System, Vol. 3 No. 1. pp. 4-13. Serials Publications; 2008.
AbstractMigration leads to a significant loss of human capital and subsequent manpower gaps in key sectors for national development. Brain drain is one of the negative consequences of international labour migration and has affected many African countries. Brain waste results when the migrants abilities are not well utilised in the countries of destination. However, migration contributes to balancing economic growth within
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi G,. J.P. Mbuvi, H.P. Liniger and F.N. Gichuki, 2003. Livestock exclusion effect on ground cover and soil water balance in Mukogodo rangelands: Submitted to African Journal of Range and Forage Science.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 2003.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients.
W. PROFMWANGOMBEAGNES. "
Kironchi, G and A.W. Mwang.". In:
Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver, Canada. J Hum Ecol, 26(3): 163-173 (2009).; 2008.
AbstractParticipatory rural appraisal techniques and a survey of 100 households were used to evaluate livestock production, and pastoral development of the Maasai in Mara. It was observed that patterns of land-use have principally changed from nomadic pastoralism to sedentary pastoralism, agropastoralism, and, in some cases, pure cultivation. These trends have adversely affected livestock production and the productive capacity of the Mara ecosystem. Diminishing grazing area occasioned by expanding cropping patterns has negatively impacted on vegetation resources and the biodiversity of the ecosystem. It has also increased the intensity of conflict over diminishing land resources. Because the production system is largely subsistence with a strong livestock base, it is further undermined by, among other factors, animal diseases, water scarcity, land individualisation, poor marketing infrastructure, and livestock/wildlife conflicts. Based on the findings of the present study, development approaches need to emphasize integrated livestock and wildlife utilization, land tenure reforms that embody livestock mobility as a key strategy of optimising the use of transient forage resources, disease control, and development of livestock marketing.
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi, G. and J.P. Mbuvi, 1996. Effect of deforestation on soil fertility on the north western slopes of Mt. Kenya. ITC Journal Vol. 3/4 pp 260-263.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1996.
AbstractThe area northwest of Mt. Kenya is undergoing rapid land use changes caused by a population influx. Rapid population growth and subsequent pressure on land raise the problem of how to increase and sustain agricultural production while at the same time conserving the natural resources. Deterioration in soil physical and chemical properties following deforestation for agriculture can adversely affect crop production, especially from soils on mountain slopes. Appropriate conservation and management for sustainable use of such soils require monitoring the changes in soil fertility The effects of land clearing for potato cultivation and livestock grazing on the fertility of an andosol (after 5 to 8 years) were investigated n the 0 to 10, 20 to 30 and 40 to 50 cm soil layers. Topsoil pH decreased significantly in the potato and grass plots, as did organic C, total N and available P
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi, G. J.P. Mbuvi and F.N. Gichuki, 1999. Hydraulic Properties of Andosols following deforestation in the Northen slopes of Mount Kenya. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. Vol 65 (2) pp 115-124.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1999.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients.
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi, G., H.P. Liniger and J.P. Mbuvi, 2000. Degradation of soil physical properties in overgrazed rangelands in Laikipia District. Land and Water Management in Kenya. English Press pp. 5-9 ISBN 9966-9690-0-4.***.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 2000.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients.
GEOFFREY DRKIRONCHI. "
Kironchi, G., H.P. Liniger and J.P. Mbuvi. 2000. Degradation of soil physical properties of overgrazed rangelands in Laikipia District. p. 5-10. In: Gichuki. F.N., D.N. Mungai C.K. Gachene and D.B. Thomas (eds). Land and Water Management in Kenya. English.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 2000.
AbstractInfiltration rate, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon content, particle size distribution and water content, for bush cover, grass cover and bare ground sites within four representative soil types of the overgrazed Mukogodo rangelands were assessed. All properties, except particle size distribution, differed significantly among soil cover types consistently, but rarely among soil types. Surface soil properties differed more often than those of the sub-surface layers. The infiltration rates of grass and bush cover sites were three to four times higher than bare ground. Consistently, bare-ground surface soils retained significantly less water than vegetated sites and also held the least amount of plant-available water. The results indicate that depletion of soil cover due to overgrazing has adversely affected the soil physical properties important for soil water intake, storage and availability to plants
GEOFFREY DRKIRONCHI. "
Kironchi, G., J.P. Mbuvi, and F.N. Gichuki. 1999. Hydraulic properties of andosols following deforestation in the northern slopes of Mt. Kenya. East Africa Agricultural and Forestry Journal, Volume 65(2): 115-124.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1999.
AbstractDeterioration in soil hydraulic properties due to deforestation adversely affects the hydrology of catchments, especially those on mountain slopes. The effects of clearing natural forest (NF) for potato cultivation (PC) and livestock grazing (GL) on the hydraulic properties of an andosol (after 5 to 8 years) were investigated in the northern slopes of Mount Kenya. The two farming activities have resulted in deleterious changes in soil water flow and storage. Results obtained showed that steady infiltration rates were 65.7, 9.7 and 13.4 cm h-1 in NF, PC and GL, respectively. Sorpitivity decreased by 15% in PC and 22% in GL, while topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased by 62% in PC and 76% in GL compared to NF. Both PC and GL topsoil had higher volumetric water content at soil matric potentials (<-25cm) than NF. Cultivation and grazing in the area have led to compacted topsoil with lower (11%) total porosity and decreased plant available water holding capacity by 16 in PC and 19% in GL
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali and J.P. Mbuvi 1992. Effects of soils, vegetation and landuse on infiltration in a tropical semi-arid catchment. E. Afr. For. J. Vol. 57(3), pp177-185.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1992.
AbstractThe influence of soil type, vegetation and landuse on infiltration rate into soils of the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Likipia District, Kenya was investigated during the dry and the wet seasons by double cylinder infiltrometer. Infiltration rates significantly differed between soils and sites in both areas, and were highest under tree/bush, intermediate on open grass and lowest on bare ground. Cultivation temporarily increased infiltration above that of tree/bush sites. Bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and organic carbon significantly influenced infiltration in both areas, but soil cracking and swelling in Sirima during the dry and the wet season respectively, partially obscured the influence of the physical parameters on infiltration rate
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali and J.P. Mbuvi 1993. Validity of Philip equation for Infiltration into soils of Sirima andk Mukogodo Catchments in Laikipia District. E. Afric. Agric. For J. 58 (4) pp155-160.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1993.
AbstractInfluence of soil type and landuse on soil water retention and availability in the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District were investigated. Representative soils, six in Sirima and four in Mukogodo, surveyed at a detailed level, were assessed using samples taken from 0-10, 20-30 and 40-5 cm depths of bush, grass, bare ground and cultivated sites. Sirima soils retained more water than Mukogodo soils due to differences in clay type and textural composition. All Sirima soil layers were clay while Mukogodo topsoils were sandy loam and subsurface layers sandy clay loam. Mukogodo soils were more compact and had significantly lower carbon content than Sirima soils at all depths. For each area, only the surface layer had significant difference (p<0.05) in water retention among landuses, with bare ground retaining the most especially at higher pressures. However, no distinction in water availability could be made among soil types in each area. Unlike the increase in clay content with depth, bulk density and carbon content were not significant in influencing plant water availability
P PROFMBUVIJOSEPH. "
Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali and J.P. Mbuvi, 1995. Environmental influence on water characteristics of soils in two semi-arid catchments in Laikipa, Kenya. Afr. Crop Sc. J. Vol. 3 No. 4 pp. 479-486.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1995.
AbstractInfluence of soil type and landuse on soil water retention and availability in the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District were investigated. Representative soils, six in Sirima and four in Mukogodo, surveyed at a detailed level, were assessed using samples taken from 0-10, 20-30 and 40-5 cm depths of bush, grass, bare ground and cultivated sites. Sirima soils retained more water than Mukogodo soils due to differences in clay type and textural composition. All Sirima soil layers were clay while Mukogodo topsoils were sandy loam and subsurface layers sandy clay loam. Mukogodo soils were more compact and had significantly lower carbon content than Sirima soils at all depths. For each area, only the surface layer had significant difference (p<0.05) in water retention among landuses, with bare ground retaining the most especially at higher pressures. However, no distinction in water availability could be made among soil types in each area. Unlike the increase in clay content with depth, bulk density and carbon content were not significant in influencing plant water availability
GEOFFREY DRKIRONCHI. "
Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali and J.P. Mbuvi. 1992. Effect of soils, vegetation and land use on infiltration in a tropical semi-arid catchment. East Africa Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 57(3): 177-185.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1992.
AbstractThe capability of the two-parameter Phiip equation to describe infiltration of water into soils of the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District was investigated. Field measurements of infiltration during dry and wet seasons were taken using a double cylinder infiltrometer on plots under four landuse/vegetation cover treatments within different soil types surveyed at detail level. The four treatments were: (i) tree/bush, (ii) open grass, (iii) bare ground, and (iv) cultivation. The infiltration rates predicted by the Philip equation after 180 minutes in the dry and the wet seasons for Mukogodo and the wet season for Sirima agreed with observed infiltration rates. However, the fit of the equation was inadequate in the early stages of infiltration in both areas and seasons. Equation parameters obtained by best fit of observed data significantly differed between the landuse /vegetation cover treatments and soil types within each area. Only Sirima soils yielded significantly different parameters in-between seasons
GEOFFREY DRKIRONCHI. "
Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali and J.P. Mbuvi. 1993. Validity of Philip equation for infiltration into soils of Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District. East Africa Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 58(4): 155-160.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1993.
AbstractThe capability of the two-parameter Phiip equation to describe infiltration of water into soils of the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District was investigated. Field measurements of infiltration during dry and wet seasons were taken using a double cylinder infiltrometer on plots under four landuse/vegetation cover treatments within different soil types surveyed at detail level. The four treatments were: (i) tree/bush, (ii) open grass, (iii) bare ground, and (iv) cultivation. The infiltration rates predicted by the Philip equation after 180 minutes in the dry and the wet seasons for Mukogodo and the wet season for Sirima agreed with observed infiltration rates. However, the fit of the equation was inadequate in the early stages of infiltration in both areas and seasons. Equation parameters obtained by best fit of observed data significantly differed between the landuse /vegetation cover treatments and soil types within each area. Only Sirima soils yielded significantly different parameters in-between seasons
GEOFFREY DRKIRONCHI. "
Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali and J.P. Mbuvi. 1995. Environmental influence on water characteristics of soils in two semi-arid catchments in Laikipia District, Kenya. African Crop Science Journal, 3 (4): 417-424.". In:
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. Asian Economic and Social Society; 1995.
AbstractPhysical and chemical properties of soil surface crusts formed on overgrazed bare ground, in Mukogodo catchment in Kenya were investigated. These were compared with those of underlying soils and of adjacent grass and bush covered topsoils. Crusting effects on infiltration, hydraulic conductivity and water content were also investigated. The crusts were moderately strong to strong with a thickness of 1-5 mm. Crusts had higher amounts of sand, silt and clay than the underlying layer, while their total N was lower and organic C content higher than the underlying layer. On average, the contents of Ca, Mg and Na were higher in the crusts than in the underlying layers. Similarly, soil pH, EC and ESP were higher in the crusts than in the underlying layer. Cation exchange capacity and K were slightly higher in the underlying layer than in the crusts. Infiltration, hydraulic conductivity and soil water content in both the rainy and dry seasons in bare ground were significantly lower than those of the bush and grass covered topsoils. Bare ground surface soil bulk density was higher compared to vegetated topsoils and subsurface layers
KIRITI DRNG'ANG'ATABITHAWAGITHI. "
Kirori, G. N. Kiriti-Nganga, T. Mariara, J. W and Mwabu G. (2009), .". In:
Regional Development Studies, Vol. 13, pp. 1-16. UNCRD; 2009.
AbstractThis article investigates the influence of social capital on consumption expenditure in rural Kenya. It uses primary data collected from a sample of 340 households in Nyeri district to demonstrate the linkage between social capital and rural livelihoods. Econometric methods (OLS) are used to explore the nexus between social capital and consumption expenditure. Results from econometric analysis show that social capital significantly affects total household expenditure. There is evidence in the study that social capital enables households to generate consumption expenditure sources that support non-monetary forms of exchange. This non-monetary exchange is presumed to reduce transactions demand for cash and facilitate household savings. Contrary to expectations, it is found that total household expenditure is negatively associated with aggregate social capital.
This finding seems to indicate that social capital reduces welfare. Contrary to this simple interpretation, the finding suggests that households with large social capital endowments are able to meet their basic needs through non-cash transactions. Social capital can enable households to increase consumption without cash expenditures and relying on self-purchased goods. The article further shows that the welfare effects of various forms of social capital differ, indicating that effects of social capital are not sufficiently measured using aggregate quantity of this variable. The findings of the study are used to suggest policies for promoting formation of social capital as a mechanism for improving conditions of rural households.
KIRITI DRNG'ANG'ATABITHAWAGITHI. "
Kirori, G. N. Kiriti-Nganga, T. Mariara, J. W and Mwabu G. Impacts of Social Capital on Household Consumption Expenditure in Rural Kenya.". In:
Regional Development Studies, Vol. 13, pp. 1-16. UNCRD; 2009.
AbstractThis article investigates the influence of social capital on consumption expenditure in rural Kenya. It uses primary data collected from a sample of 340 households in Nyeri district to demonstrate the linkage between social capital and rural livelihoods. Econometric methods (OLS) are used to explore the nexus between social capital and consumption expenditures. Results from econometric analysis show that social capital significantly affects total household expenditure. There is evidence in the study area that social capital enables households generate consumption expenditure sources that support non-monetary forms of exchange. This non-monetary exchange is presumed to reduce transactions demand for cash and facilitate household savings. Contrary to expectations, it is found that total household expenditure is negatively associated with aggregate social capital.
This finding seems to indicate that social capital reduces household welfare. Contrary to this simple interpretation, the finding suggests that households with large social capital endowments are able to meet their basic needs through non-cash transactions. Social capital can enable households to increase consumption without cash expenditure and relying on self-purchased goods. The article further shows that the welfare effects of various forms of social capital differ, indicating that effects of social capital are not sufficientle measured using aggregate quantity of this variable. The findings of the study are used to suggest policies for promoting formation of social capital as a mechanism for improving living conditions of rural households.
W MRMAINAFRANCIS. "
Kirumbi L.W., Maina F.W., Sekkade-Kigondu S.C., Mati J.K.G. .". In:
J. Obs. Gyn. East. Centr. Afr. 23,9 (1991). EM Ngatia, LW Gathece, FG Macigo, TK Mulli, LN Mutara, EG Wagaiyu.; 1991.
AbstractPIP: The effects of the triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) ethinyl estradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG) on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism were evaluated in 97 black Kenyan women. Subjects were recruited from the Family Planning Clinic and were followed for 12 months. There was an increase in fasting levels of total cholesterol. These changes were not statistically significant. However, the triglyceride increase was statistically significant at 9 months and 12 months (p0.05). The high density cholesterol remained unchanged. Thus, this triphasic OC was found to have minimal effect on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. author's modified
S PROFKIGONDUCHRISTINE. "
Kirumbi, L.W., Makokha, E.A., Mukolwe, B.A., Sekadde-Kigondu, C.B., Nichols, D. Causes fo Maternal Mortality in Three Districts In Kenya: Kilifi, Kirinyaga and Kakamega. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. E. and Centr. Afr. 14:62, 1998.". In:
J. Obstet. Gynaecol. E. and Centr. Afr. 14:62. uon press; 1998.
AbstractAga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF.
KIMANI PROFWAITHAKA. "
Kirwa, F.K.S., D. Obukosia and Kimani Waithaka, 2001. Effects of genotype and in vitro media composition on micropropagation of sugar cane (Saccharums.p.). East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal volume 67:59-67.". In:
Paper presented in the International Conference on Integrated pest Management for Sub-saharan Africa, 8-12 Sept 2002, Kampala, Uganda. EAMJ; 2001.
AbstractA cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients.
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. (1993). Volume densities and absolute volumes of mitochondria in body trunk red muscle of a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). Acta Biologica Hungarica 44(2-3), pp. 243-248.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1993.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. (1996). Structure of Fish Locomotry Muscle. Horizon of New Research (eds. J. S. Datta Munshi and Hiran M. Dutta). Science Publisher, Inc. 10 Water Street, 310, Lebanon, NH03766, USA pp.167-178.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1996.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. (1998). Oxygen diffusion in gills and muscle of fish in relation to changes in some environmental and physiological conditions. Water/Air Transitions in Biology (eds. A. K. Mittal, F. B. Eddy and J. S. Datta Munshi). Oxford and IBH Publishing.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1998.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. and Hughes, G. M. (1988). Morphometric gill O2 diffusing capacity of Oreochromis niloticus L. of different sizes. Abstracts 6th congr. Europ. lcthyol. Budapest; 125.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1988.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. and Hughes, G. M. (1992). Estimation of oxygen diffusing capacity in the gills of different sizes of a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J. Zool., Lond. 227, 405-415.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1992.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. and Hughes, G. M. (1992). Red Muscle fibre and capillary dimensions in different sizes of a tilapia, Oreochromis nilotics (Trewavas). J. Fish Biol. 40, 97-106.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1992.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. and Hughes, G. M. (1994). Routine oxygen consumption in different sizes of a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus using the closed chamber respirometry method. Acta Biologica Hungarica Volume 44 (4), pp. 367 - 374.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1994.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M. and Hughes, G. M., (1994). Morphometry of some structural parameters affecting O2 diffusion in body trunk red muscle of different sizes of a tilapia, Oreochomis niloticus. J. Fish. Biol. 442, 233-239.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 1994.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S. M., Jumba, I. O. and Kock, R. (2002) The waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa (Rupell 1835) as an indicator of ecosystem health. African Journal of Ecology. 40,390-392.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 2002.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S.M. and Jumba, I.O. (2002). Skull abnormalities in the waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa (Ruppel, 1935) in the Rift Valley Lake Systems of Kenya. The Kenyan Veterinarian, Vol. 23, 85-86.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 2002.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
MARANDE PROFKISIASETH. "
Kisia, S.M. and Onyango, D.W. (2005). Muscular System of Vertebrates (a book). Editors: Dutta, H. and Kleine, D. Science Publishers, INC. New Hampshire, U.S.A. 115pp.". In:
Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8th Biennial Scientific Conference and 46th Kenya Veterinary Association annual Scientific conference, Nairobi. Central artificial Insemination Station Magazine; 2005.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
M. DRKATHUKUDAMMAS, A DROBONDOANNE, MAINA DRMBURUJOHN, JOSEPH DROTHIENOCALEB. "
Kisivuli J A, Othieno C J, Mburu J M, Kathuku D M, Obondo A A & Nasokho P W (2005). Psychiatric morbidity among leprosy patients in Teso and Busia Districts of Western Kenya. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 82 no9, 452-456.". In:
Journal. Equinet; 2005.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To establish the magnitude of psychiatric disorders among leprosy patients in western Kenya. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Busia and Teso districts in western Kenya. SUBJECTS: A sample of 152 male and female, adult leprosy patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (PM) was 53.29%. The PM was positively correlated with physical disability and marital status but not with age, sex, education, type of leprosy, or duration of the illness. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was lower among Kenyan leprosy patients compared to studies carried out in India (56% to 78%). It was high compared to the rate of psychiatric morbidity in those seeking medical help in primary health care centres in Kenya, which was recently estimated to be 10%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PM in leprosy patients in western Kenya was lower than that in studies carried out in India. This could be attributed to de-institutionalisation and re-integration of leprosy sufferers back into their local communities. Since the rate was more than double that in the general Kenyan population and seemed to be related to presence of physical disability, an appraisal of psychiatric services offered to these patients is needed.
M. DRKATHUKUDAMMAS, A DROBONDOANNE, MAINA DRMBURUJOHN, JOSEPH DROTHIENOCALEB. "
Kisivuli J A, Othieno C J, Mburu J M, Kathuku D M, Obondo A A & Nasokho P W (2005). Psychiatric morbidity among leprosy patients in Teso and Busia Districts of Western Kenya. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 82 no9, 452-456.". In:
Journal. International Psychiatry Vol.6 No. 1; 2005.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To establish the magnitude of psychiatric disorders among leprosy patients in western Kenya. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Busia and Teso districts in western Kenya. SUBJECTS: A sample of 152 male and female, adult leprosy patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (PM) was 53.29%. The PM was positively correlated with physical disability and marital status but not with age, sex, education, type of leprosy, or duration of the illness. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was lower among Kenyan leprosy patients compared to studies carried out in India (56% to 78%). It was high compared to the rate of psychiatric morbidity in those seeking medical help in primary health care centres in Kenya, which was recently estimated to be 10%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PM in leprosy patients in western Kenya was lower than that in studies carried out in India. This could be attributed to de-institutionalisation and re-integration of leprosy sufferers back into their local communities. Since the rate was more than double that in the general Kenyan population and seemed to be related to presence of physical disability, an appraisal of psychiatric services offered to these patients is needed.
M. DRKATHUKUDAMMAS, A DROBONDOANNE, MAINA DRMBURUJOHN, JOSEPH DROTHIENOCALEB. "
Kisivuli J A, Othieno C J, Mburu J M, Kathuku D M, Obondo A A & Nasokho P W (2005). Psychiatric morbidity among leprosy patients in Teso and Busia Districts of Western Kenya. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 82 no9, 452-456.". In:
Journal. CHAK Times; 2005.
AbstractOBJECTIVE: To establish the magnitude of psychiatric disorders among leprosy patients in western Kenya. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Busia and Teso districts in western Kenya. SUBJECTS: A sample of 152 male and female, adult leprosy patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (PM) was 53.29%. The PM was positively correlated with physical disability and marital status but not with age, sex, education, type of leprosy, or duration of the illness. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was lower among Kenyan leprosy patients compared to studies carried out in India (56% to 78%). It was high compared to the rate of psychiatric morbidity in those seeking medical help in primary health care centres in Kenya, which was recently estimated to be 10%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PM in leprosy patients in western Kenya was lower than that in studies carried out in India. This could be attributed to de-institutionalisation and re-integration of leprosy sufferers back into their local communities. Since the rate was more than double that in the general Kenyan population and seemed to be related to presence of physical disability, an appraisal of psychiatric services offered to these patients is needed.
M DRWAKIAGAJOHN, M DRWAKIAGAJOHN. "
Kisumbi B.K., Kaimenyi J. T. and Wakiaga J.M.: Knowledge on treatment modalities and attitude of Nairobi University students toward Dental care. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 133-136, 1995.". In:
Indian Journal of Dental Research, 133-136, 1995. University of Nairobi Press; 1995.
AbstractThis paper presents the age, sex and site distribution of oral tumours and tumour like conditions in Kenya. It confirms some important points. First, there is an overall lower mean age for oral tumours in African series compared to non African series. Secondly, sex bias in the distribution of oral tumours is less marked for most tumours in Africans. Thirdly, there is difference in site distribution and oral tumours between Africans and non-African populations.
KYALE DRKISUMBIBERNINA. "
Kisumbi, B.K and Watts D.C. Tooth brush/Abrasion rates of modified Glass ionomer restoratives in-vitro. African Journal Oral Health Sciences. 2000:1:1-5.". In:
African Journal Oral Health Sciences. 2000:1:1-5. Taylor & Francis; 2000.
AbstractObjective: To remove or modify fluorotic enamel stains using a combined chemical micro-abrasion and bleaching technique. Design: An in-vivo study was carried out. A sample of 21 participants was randomly selected from patients presenting with brown staining due to flourosis as the chief complaint. Eighty nine teeth were selected based on the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index [TFI] with a score of 4 as the acceptable maximum. Only upper anterior teeth were included in the study. Setting: The study was undertaken at the University Of Nairobi Dental Hospital, Kenya. Subjects: Patients with an expressed need for treatment of their discoloured teeth who consented to a clearly demonstrated treatment procedure constituted the sample. Results: Enamel discolouration was removed or modified yielding a uniform colour and lustre depending on the initial depth of the stain. All patients appreciated the colour change. Conclusion: A combined chemical micro-abrasion and bleaching technique is a feasible treatment modality in selected cases of enamel fluorosis.
KYALE DRKISUMBIBERNINA. "
Kisumbi, B.K., and Watts, DC. Discolouration of Restorative Materials by beverages. J Dent. Res. 78(5) 1999, No 41 pg. 1095.". In:
J Dent. Res. 78(5) 1999, No 41 pg. 1095. Taylor & Francis; 1999.
AbstractObjective: To remove or modify fluorotic enamel stains using a combined chemical micro-abrasion and bleaching technique. Design: An in-vivo study was carried out. A sample of 21 participants was randomly selected from patients presenting with brown staining due to flourosis as the chief complaint. Eighty nine teeth were selected based on the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index [TFI] with a score of 4 as the acceptable maximum. Only upper anterior teeth were included in the study. Setting: The study was undertaken at the University Of Nairobi Dental Hospital, Kenya. Subjects: Patients with an expressed need for treatment of their discoloured teeth who consented to a clearly demonstrated treatment procedure constituted the sample. Results: Enamel discolouration was removed or modified yielding a uniform colour and lustre depending on the initial depth of the stain. All patients appreciated the colour change. Conclusion: A combined chemical micro-abrasion and bleaching technique is a feasible treatment modality in selected cases of enamel fluorosis.
T. PROFKAIMENYIJACOB. "
Kisumbi, B.K., Kaimenyi, J.T. and Wakiaga, J.M. (1995). Knowledge on treatment modalities and attitude of Nairobi University Students towards dental care. Indian Journal of Dental Research 6:133-136.". In:
Indian Journal of Dental Research 6:133-136. African Meteorological Society; 1995.
AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of Nairobi University students towards dental health care in Kenya. A self administered questionnaire given to 400 students in person who responded and handed them over immediately. The students had a mean age of 22.4 years, 45.3% were males and 54.5% were females. Extractions, restorations and replacement of teeth were known to majority of the students. However, almost half of the students preferred extraction to restoration and 49.2% considered restoration of deciduous teeth unnecessary. 79% indicated that they would undergo scaling. It is therefore recommended that an effective mode of transmitting positive information about various dental treatment modalities be established.
WAMITILA PROFKYALLOWADI. "
The Kiswahili Writer and the critic: A response to Mwenda Mbatia's polemics KISWAHILI Vol 60. Institute of Kiswahili Research, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.". In:
Proceedings of the African Regional Symposium on Biotechnology for Rapid Development ,Nairobi, Kenya, 17th - 21, February, 1992. pp 233-239. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol; 1982.
AbstractThis report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
K. DRGAKURUMUCEMI. "
Kiswahili/English Voice Information Service for Banana growers in Kenya.". In:
Workshop on Mobiles and Development: Contribution of Mobile Devices to Development, 16th may 2007, University of Manchester. FARA; 2007.
AbstractWe describe the progress of the Local Language Speech Technology Initiative in Kenya, where since starting in 2003, technology and expertise have been successfully transferred to the Kenyan partners, culminating in the launch of the National Farmers Information Service (NAFIS) in April 2008. NAFIS is primarily a voice service accessed over the phone and offers a wide range of information in Kiswahili or Kenyan English, supplementing the existing agricultural extension services.
MUCHAI PROFKAGIKOM, MWANGI PROFGATHUMAJ. "
Kitala, P.M., McDermott, J.J., Kyule, M.N. and Gathuma, J.M. (1993). Features of dog ecology relevant to rabies spread in Machakos District, Kenya. Ondersterpoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 445 .". In:
journal. FARA; 1997.
AbstractBacillus cereus strains were tested for production of diarrheal enterotoxin by the reverse passive latex agglutination test and for presence of B. cereus enterotoxin gene (bceT) by polymerase chain reaction. About 50% of 56 B. cereus strains reacted positive in broth culture in the reverse passive latex agglutination test, while the bceT gene was detected in 41.1 % of the strains. A 741 bp probe prepared from the polymerase chain reaction product detected bceT gene in all strains that were positive with the polymerase chain reaction. This study indicated a likelihood of two or more enterotoxins being produced by B. cereus which may be involved in causing diarrheal type food poisoning.
MUCHAI PROFKAGIKOM, MWANGI PROFGATHUMAJ. "
Kitala, P.M., McDermott, J.J., Kyule, M.N., Gathuma, J.M., Perry, B.D. and Wandeler, A. (2001). Dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in Machakos District, Kenya. Acta. Tropica, 78: 217-230.". In:
journal. FARA; 2000.
AbstractObjectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health.
MUCHAI PROFKAGIKOM, MWANGI PROFGATHUMAJ. "
Kitala. P.M., McDermott, J.J., Kyule, M.N. and Gathuma, J.M. (2000). Community-based active surveillance for rabies in Machakos District, Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 44, 73 .". In:
journal. FARA; 2000.
AbstractObjectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health.
Mogambi H. "
Kitendawili cha Wawili.". In:
Mizingwe ya Manabii na Hadithi Nyingine. Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers Ltd; 2010.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia, S.M. (1997) Land use changes and their effects on sediment transport and soil erosion within the Athi drainage basin, Kenya. In: Human Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation (proceedings of Rabat Symposium S6, April 1997). IAHS Publ. no. 245, 1997.". In:
Human Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation (proceedings of Rabat Symposium S6, April 1997). IAHS Publ. no. 245. IAHS, Press, Wallingford, UK.; 1997.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia, S.M. (2007) An assessment of water quality changes within the Athi and Nairobi river basins during the last decade. In: Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future Predictions for the 21st Century (ed. Bruce Webb), Proceedings of Symposium.". In:
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future Predictions for the 21st Century (ed. Bruce Webb), Proceedings of Symposium HS 2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007. IAHS, Press, Wallingford, UK.; 2007.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia, S.M. (2008) Sediment dynamics and improvised control technologies in the Athi River drainage basin, Kenya. In: Sediment Dynamics in Changing Environments (Proceedings of a Symposium held in Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2008). IAHS Publ. 32.". In:
Sediment Dynamics in Changing Environments (Proceedings of a Symposium held in Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2008). IAHS Publ. 325, 2008, IAHS, Press, Wallingford, UK. IAHS, Press, Wallingford, UK.; 2008.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia, S.M. and J.K. Musingi (1995) Effects of Land use on the water quality within the Nairobi river sub-catchment, Kenya.". In:
Eastern and Southern Africa Geographical Journal, Vol,6, No.1 December, 1995. Proceedings; 1995.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia, S.M. and Mutua, F.M. (2006) Impacts of land-use changes on sediment yields and Water quality within the Nairobi River sub-basins, Kenya; In: Sediment Dynamics and the Hydromorphology of Fluvial Systems (ed. By J.S. Rowan,, R.W. Duck & Werrity, A).". In:
Sediment Dynamics and the Hydromorphology of fluvial systems held in Dundee, UK. IAHS, Press, Wallingford, UK.; 2006.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia, S.M. and Ongwenyi, G.S. (1997) Some problems of water quality degradation in Nairobi river drainage basin, Kenya.". In:
Fresh Water Contamination. (ed., Bruce Webb). Proceedings of an International Symposium (Symposium S4) held during the fifth Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), Rabat, Morocco, 23rd April-3rd may, 1997. IA. IAHS, Press, Wallingford, UK.; 1997.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
MULEI DRKITHIIASHADRACK. "
Kithiia,S.M. and G.S. Ongwenyi (1996) The role of water resources in sustainable Development of the Arid and Semi-arid lands of Kenya. International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research: Towards the 21st Century; Proceedings: Vol. II; 64.". In:
International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research: Towards the 21st Century; Proceedings: Vol. II; 643-650, October 29-31, 1996 Kyoto Japan. Proceedings; 1996.
AbstractAbstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.
Kithung'a P. Nzuki Consumer Behaviour,. Nairobi: University of Nairobi; 2004.
AbstractWe are interested in pricing rainfall options written on precipitation at specific locations. We assume the existence of a tradeable financial instrument in the market whose price process is affected by the quantity of rainfall. We then construct a suitable
Kithung'a P. Nzuki Marketing Communications, An E. Nairobi: University of Nairobi; 2005.
AbstractWe are interested in pricing rainfall options written on precipitation at specific locations. We assume the existence of a tradeable financial instrument in the market whose price process is affected by the quantity of rainfall. We then construct a suitable
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi J.M.K Reactions and cardiovascular changes at excretion urography East Afr Med J. 1981 Dec;58(12):942-5.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1981 Dec;58(12):942-5. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1981.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi J.M.K The Basic Radiological System (BRS) Experience in Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1993 Dec;70(12):793-6.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1993 Dec;70(12):793-6. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1993.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi J.M.K The sex incidence of renal calculosis in Kenyatta National Hospital.East Afr Med J. 1986 Mar;63(3):163-7.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1986 Mar;63(3):163-7. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1986.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi J.M.K. BRS as a co-operate component of Radiography Training Proceedings: WHO BRS study.Group Report. Harare, Zimbabwe May 1986.". In:
WHO BRS study.Group Report. Harare, Zimbabwe May 1986. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1986.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi J.M.K.Diagnostic Radiology, yesterday, today and tomorrow.(Editorial) African Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1990, 10, 5-6.". In:
African Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1990, 10, 5-6. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1990.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi J.M.K.The determination of Hepatic blood Flow and its clinical significance African Journal of Hospital Medicine 1988, 7, 162.". In:
African Journal of Hospital Medicine 1988, 7, 162. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1988.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi JM Thymocardiac ratio in African underfives East Afr Med J. 1995 Feb;72(2):81-2.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1995 Feb;72(2):81-2. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1995.
AbstractThe thymus in the paediatric chest will often give radiological appearances of very intriguing nature. It is known to react dramatically to stress factors such as infection or trauma. Gross hypertrophy following atrophy has been documented in many cases. In this paper the author scrutinizes one hundred anteroposterior chest radiographs of children under the age of five years suspected of having chest infection. Thymocardiac ratio is determined. It is concluded that in children under five years, the thymus generally decreases in size with age and that often the thymus will undergo atrophy as a primary response to infection.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi JM. The basic radiological system experience in Kenya.East Afr Med J. 1993 Dec;70(12):793-6.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1993 Dec;70(12):793-6. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1993.
AbstractWhile Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
M. PROFKITONYIJOSEPHK. "
Kitonyi JM.Radiological behaviour of the thymus in chest infection in the underfives. East Afr Med J. 1995 Feb;72(2):81-2.". In:
East Afr Med J. 1995 Feb;72(2):81-2. Vaccine 26:2788- 2795; 1995.
AbstractThe thymus in the paediatric chest will often give radiological appearances of very intriguing nature. It is known to react dramatically to stress factors such as infection or trauma. Gross hypertrophy following atrophy has been documented in many cases. In this paper the author scrutinizes one hundred anteroposterior chest radiographs of children under the age of five years suspected of having chest infection. Thymocardiac ratio is determined. It is concluded that in children under five years, the thymus generally decreases in size with age and that often the thymus will undergo atrophy as a primary response to infection. PMID: 7796759 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
MARANI DRMARTIN. "
Kituyi Evans & Marani Martin (2000). Cleaner Production in Kenyan Small and Medium Enterprises: Prerequisites for Successful Technology Adoption. A Paper presented at the EXPO 2000 Conference, held in Hannover, Germany.". In:
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. HRDU, University of Nairobi; 2000.
AbstractIn the current study, the contribution of the major angiogenic mechanisms, sprouting and intussusception, to vascular development in the avian lung has been demonstrated. Sprouting guides the emerging vessels to form the primordial vascular plexus, which successively surrounds and encloses the parabronchi. Intussusceptive angiogenesis has an upsurge from embryonic day 15 (E15) and contributes to the remarkably rapid expansion of the capillary plexus. Increased blood flow stimulates formation of pillars (the archetype of intussusception) in rows, their subsequent fusion and concomitant delineation of slender, solitary vascular entities from the disorganized meshwork, thus crafting the organ-specific angioarchitecture. Morphometric investigations revealed that sprouting is preponderant in the early period of development with a peak at E15 but is subsequently supplanted by intussusceptive angiogenesis by the time of hatching. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that moderate levels of basic FGF (bFGF) and VEGF-A were maintained during the sprouting phase while PDGF-B remained minimal. All three factors were elevated during the intussusceptive phase. Immunohistoreactivity for VEGF was mainly in the epithelial cells, whereas bFGF was confined to the stromal compartment. Temporospatial interplay between sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis fabricates a unique vascular angioarchitecture that contributes to the establishment of a highly efficient gas exchange system characteristic of the avian lung.
NYONGESA DRKITUYIEVANS. "
Kituyi, E and Wakhungu, J. Harnessing Life Cycle Approaches for Africa.". In:
EcoPolicy No.12, ACTS Press, Nairobi. 20p. BEP Electronic Press; 2004.
AbstractTwo groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
NYONGESA DRKITUYIEVANS. "
Kituyi, E, Kobuthi, E and Sikoyo, G. Towards Responsible Enterprise Development in Kenya: Perspectives for Government and Corporate Leaders.". In:
Sustainable Enterprise and Trade Series Vol.1 No.1, ACTS Press, Nairobi. 8p. BEP Electronic Press; 2004.
AbstractTwo groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
NYONGESA DRKITUYIEVANS. "
Kituyi, E. Adaptation to Impacts of Climate Change in Africa: Towards Innovative Institutional Frameworks.". In:
Tiempo, No.61, pp.16-19. BEP Electronic Press; 2006.
AbstractTwo groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
NYONGESA DRKITUYIEVANS. "
Kituyi, E. Charcoal Production and Consumption in East Africa.". In:
Presented in Workshop on Population, Consumption and Environment Dynamics: Theory and Method. Montreal, Canada, 19 October. Population-Environment Research Network (PERN). Web edition at: http://www.populationenvironmentresearch.org/papers/PCE_Works. BEP Electronic Press; 2003.
AbstractKituyi, E. and Kirubi, C. ()
NYONGESA DRKITUYIEVANS. "
Kituyi, E. The Potential Role of Life Cycle Approaches in Sustainable Development. In Environment and Sustainable Development: A Guide for Tertiary Education in Kenya, Vol.1. F. Waswa, S. Otor and D. Mugendi (eds.". In:
Downtown Publishing Works, Nairobi. 174p. BEP Electronic Press; 2006.
AbstractTwo groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
W. MSKIVUTI-BITOKLUCY. "
Kivuti, L. and Chepchirchir, A. (February 2011). Computerization readiness. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics(OJNI), 15,Available at http://ojni.org/issues/?p=178.". In:
Kenya Nursing Journal, Vol 38 No.1 June,. UoN; 2011.
AbstractThis cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among middle and functional level nurse
managers at a National Referral Hospital with the aim of establishing their preparedness for
computerization of nursing services, their attitudes towards computerization, their training needs,
and their preferred mode of study. A purposive sample of all 112 nurse managers was obtained for
this study. The response rate was 95.5 % (n=107). Data was collected using structured, selfadministered
questionnaires. The study revealed that nurse managers had positive attitudes toward
use of computers. Their attitudes toward use of computers were not significantly influenced by
accessibility to computers or competence in computer use, but nursing experience and the age of
the respondents had a negative influence on attitudes toward computerization of nursing services
(p=0.05).
Eighty-five percent of the respondents (n=91) did not have computer studies during their training in
basic nursing; 51% (n=55) had sought training in computers after their basic training; 98% (n=105)
desired to be trained in computer applications; and 69.1% (n
] 
