DR. SENERWA DANIEL MUGANGAI

Antibiotic neosensitab susceptibility to ten commonly used antibiotics was done on 65 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from neonates in a nursery ward. All the strains except one were resistant to one or more antibiotic, and more than 0% of the isolates were resistant of 4 or more antibiotics. The isolates carried 18 different antibiotic resistance determinants. The most frequent antibiotic resistance determinants carried by a single resistant isolate were those of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, ampicilin, and gentamicin which were found in 23 (35.3%) strains. The average number of antibiotic resistances per resistant strain was 4.there was no consistent relationship between plasmid profile group and antibiotic resistance pattern. A spontaneous loss of a 180 MDa plasmid by a resistant strain was accompanied by a loss of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracyline.

All 97 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients at a hospital in r A), 6% tetr B, and 4% tetr c genes. Three strains possessed both type A and B tetracycline resistance determinants, which were shown to be located on the large 65-MD plasmid. There was no correlation between strains isolated from stools, blood cerebrospinal or epidural fluids, pus or urine with respect to the tetracycline genotypes, MIC values or plasmid content. Key words: Salmonella typhimurium; tetracycline resistance genes; plasmids;Kenya

The majority of the 78 enteropathogenic (EPEC) and the 151 non-EPEC Escherichia coli strains isolated from preterm neonates during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxaxole, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicillin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefotaxime, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E. coli analysed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns compared with 79% of non-EPEC strains which exhibited three resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between plasmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strains belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strains were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E. coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic treatment at all, died.

All 97 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients at a hospital in r A), 6% tetr B, and 4% tetr c genes. Three strains possessed both type A and B tetracycline resistance determinants, which were shown to be located on the large 65-MD plasmid. There was no correlation between strains isolated from stools, blood cerebrospinal or epidural fluids, pus or urine with respect to the tetracycline genotypes, MIC values or plasmid content. Key words: Salmonella typhimurium; tetracycline resistance genes; plasmids;Kenya

isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died. Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance;

Stool samples were examined  from 30 preterm to a nursery ward; 16 neonates had diarrhea 12 constituted an aged-matched control group without diarrhea, and had an unknown history regarding diarrhea. Variable number of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype0111:HNT strains possessing the gene coding for the enteroadherence factor(EAF) were found in stool samples from 13 of the neonates. No other microbiological enteropathogen was found. A total of 294 strains (9 or 10from each neonate, comprising 229 E. coli and 65 Klebsiella pneumonia strains) were characterized with respect to plsmid content and grouped into 37 plasmid profile groups. Diarrhea was found not to be correlated with any specific plasmid profile or with the number of EAF-positive strains but rather with the number of strains with one specific plasmid profile or with the number of EAF-positive strains (of the 9 or 10 strains) isolated from each stool sample. All the neonates who died had diarrhea (5 died of 16 with diarrhea); all five of the neonates who died possessed strains with one specific plasmid profile group, and EAF-positive strains were isolated from four of them .of the seven neonates from whom seven or more EAF-positive isolates were isolated, three died, compared with only one of five of those whom only few (1 to 3 of 10)EAF-positive strains were isolated. Both plasmid profiling and genetic probing with the EAF-positive probe were found to be good alternatives when serotyping is not available for identification of 0111:HNT enteropathogenic E.coli strains.

isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died. Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance;

This investigation was initiated as a consequence of several cases of diarrhea in a nursery ward for preterm babies in

isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died. Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance;

isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died. Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance;